Bible New Testament Summaries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Book of scriptures New Testament Summaries - Assignment Example He fasts in the desert for 40 evenings and forty days during which the fiend entices him futile. He at that point picks his 12 teaches and starts his service, which he conveys utilizing stories. He takes part in contentions at the sanctuary and concerning the Sabbath law that leaves individuals addressing on whether he is the one they have been sitting tight for. Jesus is captured attempted by the Jewish specialists, and sentenced to death by Pilate. He is killed where he passes on and is covered. On Easter, he revives and meets a few people. The significant characters in the book incorporate Jesus, Joseph, Mary, John, and King Herod (New Jerusalem Bible, Mathew). The book is generally account whose subject are Jesus authorizing the devotees, happening to the Holy Spirit, Paul’s transformation, Jerusalem meeting, and Paul in Rome. After Jesus climb, the Holy Spirit slipped on the followers at Pentecost. They communicate in numerous dialects and individuals think them alcoholic. Dwindle mends a faltering man at the temple’s entryway however is captured a while later for broadcasting salvation in Jesus Christ. Because of proceeded with resistance, Stephen is battered to the point of death. The gospel recaptures its magnificence when Philip gives testimony Samaria toward the North and to an Ethiopian traveling south. Paul’s experiences with the congregation and Peter’s vision upgrade the start of the service to the Gentiles. Paul proceeds with his crucial Antioch to Cyprus and parts of Asia. A gathering held at Jerusalem where presumed that Gentile believers to Christianity don't need to experience circumcision. Upon c ome back to Jerusalem Paul is captured and detained at Caesarea. The significant characters in this book are Peter and Paul (New Jerusalem Bible, Acts). The book is to a great extent epistle and its subjects incorporate Power of the Gospel, Justification by confidence, Future expectation, and Shape of Christian life. In his letter to the romans, Paul attempts to clarify that the gospel is the intensity of God for salvation of the two Gentiles and Jews. He further clarifies

The Battle of Little Big Horn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Battle of Little Big Horn - Essay Example From this investigation obviously the Battle of Little Big Horn is portrayed as a slaughter war as a result of the procedures of the war, yet in addition the final product of that war. A slaughter war is related with mass murdering of unarmed individuals. Couple with this attestation, it is confirm by Everett that the U.S. Calvary under the initiative of Lt. General George Custer was caught by Indian powers and spread with bolts and projectiles which killed them in under an hour regardless of their utilization of horses’ bodies as a blockade. From the portrayal of the war, it is obvious that Custer and his men didn't retaliate; they were murdered mercilessly.This examine features thatâ in the data gave by Derudio additionally bolsters the case the Battle of Little Big Horn was a slaughter war. As indicated by Derudio, Custer partitioned the armed forces into three gatherings overlooked the requests to pause, and chose to assault the Indians without understanding the quantity of Indian warriors numbered multiple times his military. The Cheyenne, Hunkpapa Sioux and Oglala Sioux encompassed Custer and his men at that point poured them with gunfire and bolts. The shooting ponies and utilizing their cadavers to shape a divider gave unimportant insurance against the shots and bolts. Custer and his men were slaughtered in what was alluded in this record as â€Å"the most exceedingly awful American military calamity ever.†Ã‚ Calvary had murdered. As per her, the Indian armed forces encompassed the Custer and murdered each army.â Â

How Relevant Are the Early Theories of Le Bon and Freud?

How Relevant Are the Early Theories of Le Bon and Freud? How significant are the early hypotheses of Le Bon and Freud in contrast with increasingly contemporary speculations of groups? Probably the soonest hypothesis of group conduct was introduced by Gustav Le Bon in 1895, which he alluded to as gathering mind hypothesis (Le Bon, 1895). He saw swarm conduct as acting as per crude motivations which are inadequate in thinking and reasonability. Le Bon recommended that people in a group carry on as per a ‘law of mental solidarity of crowds’ and no longer recognize themselves as people, rather turning out to be mysterious individuals from a gathering who lose their feeling of self and duties (Bendersky, 2007). They become effortlessly stirred or disturbed, and dive into savageness whereby singular heart is overwhelmed by the ‘law of mental unity’ (Le Bon, 1908). Because of their enormous numbers and namelessness, the group increases a feeling of solidarity and force, prompting a ‘special state, which much looks like the condition of interest wherein the mesmerized individual finds himslf in the hands of the hypnotiser’ (Le Bon, 1 908; Ginneken, 1992: 131), rendering the individual not, at this point aware of his activities. Regardless of its absence of proof, Le Bon’s ‘mob psychology’ turned into a mainstream hypothesis and keeps on being a ground-breaking social impact, incorporating by those in power (Banyard, 1989). Also to Le Bon, Freud (1922) recommended that the aggregate psyche is driven solely by the oblivious. As indicated by Freud (1922), the group ‘unlocks’ the individual oblivious brain; the super sense of self, or inner voice, which he kept up controls cultivated practices, is surpassed by the unrefined id motivations, or instinctual drive some portion of the mind, as incited by the pioneer of the group. Compared to the spellbinding state distinguished by Le Bon, recognizable proof with and want for endorsement from the pioneer suspends the super self image (Freud, 1922) and related ordinary judgment represses the disguised estimations of good and bad and motivation control. Strangely, Freud recognizes that swarm individuals acknowledge the impact of the gathering because of a need to feel in concordance with the force the gathering and its pioneer applies, saw in later investigations of similarity (Hogg Vaughan, 2005). In later years, Freud (1949) moves past his fundament al drive hypothesis towards the affirmation and significance of social connections, for example, that of the family, prompting headways in the region of item relations. Le Bon’s perceptions of the conduct of groups prompted the advancement of an idea alluded to as deindividuation, which was first presented during the 1950s (Festinger et al. 1952). While early speculations of groups proposed that they went about as a crude crowd, Deindividuation hypothesis framed a cutting edge partner to this thought. Zimbardo (1969) put together his methodology to a great extent with respect to Le Bon’s general point of view by recommending that individuals in swarms experience deindividuation; lost their very own character, empowering them to consolidate namelessly into the group. His suggestion that this loss of personality implies that crude, savage propensities develop and individuals are then arranged to act in manners that are forceful, brutal and hostile to social, contrasted with how they may go about as people, is like the early perceptions and hypotheses set forward by both Le Bon and Freud. Early clarifications of the impacts of deindividuation proposed that a decreased feeling of open responsibility debilitates the typical restrictions against imprudent and forceful conduct (Festinger et al. 1952; Zimbardo, 1969). Clarifications of deindividuation have anyway developed throughout the decades; from an emphasis on misfortune to the finding that signs that are explicit to the circumstance inspire social standards that control conduct inside unknown gatherings, prompting a reformulation of the psychological procedures engaged with deindividuation (Diener, 1980). This view holds that circumstances that diminished open responsibility, for example, bunch size (Mann, 1981) and obscurity, don't just prompt lost the striking nature of people’s individual characters yet prompts the loss of target mindfulness (Diener, 1980). The striking nature of gathering characters is improved and therefore, people in the group are progressively receptive to strains inside the gathering, expanding the potential for scatter (Schweingruber, 2000). This later clarification recommends that these equivalent highlights of gathering circumstances elevate more prominent adjustment to circumstance explicit social standards. Developing standard hypothesis spoke to a move from the prior speculations which focussed on obsessive group conduct (Reicher, 2001), by considering swarm conduct as a standard represented practices which are obvious in a wide range of gatherings. As indicated by Turner Killian (1972), the way that a group has no proper association to direct conduct makes it particular. The consistency of the group is a figment made by the unmistakable activities of noticeable group individuals (Turner, 1964). These demonstrations infer a standard, and therefore there is a strain to adjust to these standards, which is probably going to build the potential for introverted conduct (Cabinet Office, 2009). Emanant standard hypothesis one of the first to allude to swarm conduct as typical (Reicher, 2001) and permits specialists to consider aggregate activity and conduct as ordinary social procedures which have inward lucidness, limited by rules and standards. It doesn't anyway represent social varieties i n swarm practices (Reicher, 2001). The social character model of group conduct depends on social personality hypothesis and self-categorisation hypothesis (Turner et al. 1987). Social Identity Theory (SIT) varies from different situations, in focusing on that control of the group happens by means of another mutual social character (Reicher, 1996a; Stott Reicher, 1998a) as opposed to lost personality or of power over their practices. It recommends that when social personality is striking, bunch conduct will happen independent of secrecy and that individuals associate with others as agents of their social gathering, which goes about as an interface which shape their communications (Reicher, 2001). Critically, SIT suggests that control originates from the individual as opposed to from pressure from others, so when an individual relates to the group, they acknowledge and cling to the group standards as their own. Likewise with Emergent Theory, the standards are apparent in the social, ideological, political and situationa lly built standards. The SIT key rule of a mutual social personality has stayed a significant idea in ensuing investigations of individual practices inside groups. Le Bon’s early speculations about group conduct prompted significant research inside the region of group conduct and stays significant because of the impact his point of view has had in later and later hypotheses of group and group practices. His general point of view was utilized in the examination on deindividuation, which passes on the intensity of circumstances in deciding people’s conduct in an assortment of enormous gathering circumstances and stays noticeable in the investigation of gathering conduct (Reicher et al. 1995). Nonetheless, it makes verifiable worth decisions about groups, harps on misfortune, and recommends that individuals in swarms lose all way of balanced reasoning. While apparently deindividuation assumes a job in understanding the reserved conduct propensities of groups, investigation into swarms and the way that individuals in swarms see what's going on, proposes that his hypothesis isn't as incredible as portrayed. Freud’s (1922) Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is one of his most critical commitments to understanding mass brain science and prompted numerous ensuing investigations on mass brain science and gathering elements. Later investigations propose that swarm conduct is progressively levelheaded and organized that it is regularly introduced as being. Contemporary hypotheses of group conduct dispose of the points of interest of these previous methodologies and rather push this region of study ahead by looking at how as a standard rises up out of inside the group, which empowered social therapists to see aggregate conduct as a social procedure limited by social standards. Social Identity Theory empowers comprehension of the request and reason for the group as far as the normal personality of its individuals. Hypotheses of group conduct, for example, SIT (Tajfel Turner, 1979) and deindividuation hypothesis (Festinger et al. 1952) recommend that packs frequently carry on in a typical way in respecting the social impact of the group (Myers, 2005). Singular group individuals do anyway vary in their powerlessness to social impact along these lines factors inside the situational setting may impact conduct r esults. Hypotheses of group practices have altogether advanced throughout the decades since the thoughts set forward by Le Bon and Freud. They are not considered in the thought of group practices in the here and now like increasingly contemporary hypotheses, for example, the social personality model of group conduct (Cabinet Office, 2009). In any case, they do introduce in the advancement of the related research in the thought of the improvement of the thoughts explicit to swarm conduct. With the proceeded with advancement of hypotheses, for example, the Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) (Klein et al. 2007), which holds the crucial rule of secrecy (Cabinet Office, 2009), and the Elaborated Social Identity Model of group conduct (ESIM) (Drury Reicher, 1999), look into is starting to arrive at an examination which unites numerous degrees of clarification, which is required inside the territory of group conduct explore.

Why Should We Invest In Mutual Funds Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciation realised are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost. The flow chart below describes broadly the working of a mutual fund: Mutual Fund Operation Flow Chart (www.amfiindia.com) [online] Anybody with an investible surplus of as little as a few thousand rupees can invest in mutual funds by buying units of a particular mutual fund scheme that has a defined investment objective and strategy. The money collected from the investors is invested by a fund manager in different types of securities. These could range from shares and debentures to money market instruments depending upon the schemes stated objectives. Why should we invest in mutual funds? The benefits of investing in mutual funds can be detailed as under: Affordable: Mutual funds can be bought by anyone and everyone. An investor can initiate his investment with Rs. 1,000/- as well. There is no specific minimum investment amount required. Professional Management: For retail investor, to decide which securities to buy and the required investment amount, is very difficult. Investing in a mutual fund gives the investor an edge, as it is managed by professional fund manager, who makes the necessary decisions as to which security to buy, how much to invest, when to buy and sell. These decisions are made after doing an in-depth market research about the economy, industries and companies. Diversification: Spreading the investments across the sectors, industries and securities reduces the risk; this is the basic of finance theory. A mutual fund is able to diversify more easily than an average investor across several companies, which an ordinary investor may not be a ble to do. With an investment of Rs 5000, you can buy stocks in some of the top Indian companies through a mutual fund, which may not be possible to do as an individual investor. Convenient administration: There are no administrative risks of share transfer, as many of the mutual funds offer services in a demat form which saves investors time and delay. Higher returns: Over a medium to long-term investment, investors always get higher returns in mutual funds as compared to other alternatives of investment. This is already seen from excellent returns, mutual funds have provided in the last few years. Low cost management: No mutual fund can increase the cost beyond prescribed limits of 2.5% maximum and any extra cost of management is to be borne by the AMC. Liquidity: Unlike several other forms of savings like the public provident fund or National Savings Scheme, you can withdraw your money from a mutual fund on immediate basis. Transparency: The Securities Exchange Boa rd of India (SEBI) regulations now compel all the mutual funds to disclose their portfolios on a half-yearly basis. However, many mutual funds disclose this on a quarterly or monthly basis to their investors. The Net Asset Values (NAV) are calculated on a daily basis in case of open ended funds and are now published through Association of Mutual funds in India (AMFI) in the newspapers. Tax benefits: Mutual funds have historically been more efficient from the tax point of view. A debt fund pays a dividend distribution tax of 12.5 per cent before distributing dividend to an individual investor or an HUF, whereas it is 20 per cent for all other entities. There is no dividend tax on dividends from an equity fund for individual investor. Highly regulated: Mutual funds all over the world are highly regulated and in India all mutual funds are registered with SEBI and are strictly regulated as per the Mutual Fund Regulations which provide excellent investor protection. Other benefi ts: Mutual Funds provide regular withdrawal and systematic investment plans according to the need of the investors. The investors can also switch from one scheme to another without any load. (Strategic Financial Management, 2008; www.valueresearchonline.com) Types of Mutual Funds Balanced funds: As the name suggests, balanced funds are the funds with strategic apportionment in debt as well as equities. The main premise behind the adoption of balanced funds is that the debt portfolio provides stability while the equity portfolio provides growth. This type of fund is more suitable for investors who prefer substantial exposure to equity rather than total exposure to equity. Equity Diversified funds: A diversified fund is a fund that contains wide array of stocks. There is a high level of diversification in the holdings which allows the fund manager to reduce the risk of the fund. There are various types of diversified funds as under: Flexicap/ Multicap fund: These are by definition, diversified funds. The only difference is that unlike a normal diversified fund, the offer document generally spells out the limits for minimum and maximum exposure to each of the market caps. Contra fund: A contra fund invests in those out-of-favour companies that have un recognised value. It is ideally suited for investors who want to invest in a fund that has the potential to perform in all types of market environments as it blends together both growth and value oppurtunities. Index fund: An index fund seeks to track the performance of a benchmark market index like the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex or Standard Poors (SP) CNX Nifty. The fund maintains the portfolio of all the securities in the same proportion as stated in the benchmark index. Dividend yield fund: A dividend yield fund invests in shares of companies having high dividend yields. Dividend yield is defined as dividend per share divided by the shares market price. The prices of dividend yielding stocks are generally less volatile than growth stocks. They also possess the potential to appreciate. Among the diversified equity funds, dividend yield funds are considered to be a medium-risk proposition. However, it is important to note that dividend yield funds have not always proved resilient in short-term corrective phases. (iii) Equity Linked Tax Savings Scheme (ELSS): ELSS is one of the options for investors to save taxes under Section 80 C of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961. They also offer the perfect way to participate in the growth of the capital market, having a lock-in-period of three years. ELSS also has the potential to give better returns than any traditional tax savings instrument. Moreover, by investing in an ELSS through a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP), one can not only avoid the problem of investing a lump sum towards the end of the year but also take advantage of averaging. (iv) Sector funds: These funds are highly focused on a particular industry. The basic objective is to enable investors to take advantage of industry cycles. Since sector funds ride on market cycles, they have the potential to offer good returns if the timing is perfect. However, they are bereft of downside risk protection as available in diversified funds. Se ctor funds should constitute only a limited portion of ones portfolio, as they are much riskier than a diversified fund. Also, only those who have an existing portfolio should consider investing in these funds. (v) Thematic funds: A thematic fund focuses on trends that are likely to result in the out-performance by certain sectors or companies. In other words, the key factors are those that can make a difference to business profitability and market values. However, the downside is that the market may take a longer time to recognize views of the fund house with regards to a particular theme, which forms the basis of launching a fund. (vi) Arbitrage funds: These funds promise safety of deposits, but better returns, tax benefits and greater liquidity. The open-ended equity scheme aims to generate low volatility returns by inverting a mix of cash equities, equity derivatives and debt markets. The fund seeks to provide better returns than typical debt instruments and lower volatili ty in comparison to equity. This fund is aimed at an investor who seeks the return of small savings instruments, safety of bank deposits, tax benefits of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) relief bonds and liquidity of a mutual fund. This fund seeks to capitalise on the price differentials between the spot and the futures market. (vii) Hedge fund: A hedge fund (there are no hedge funds in India) is a lightly regulated investment fund that escapes most regulations by being a sort of a private investment vehicle being offered to selected clients. The big difference between a hedge fund and a mutual fund is that the former does not reveal anything about its operations publicly and charges a performance fee. If it out-performs a benchmark, it takes a cut off the profits. It is a one-way street; any losses are borne by the investors themselves. (viii) Cash fund: Cash fund is an open ended liquid scheme that aims to generate returns with lower volatility and higher liquidity through a port folio of debt and money market instrument. The fund will have retail institutional and super institutional plans. Each plan will offer growth and dividend options. The minimum initial investment for the institutional plan is Rs.1 crore and the super institutional is Rs.25 crore. For the retail plan, the minimum initial investment is Rs.5,000/-. The fund has no entry or exit loads. Investors can invest even through the Systematic Investment Planning (SIP) route with a minimum amount of Rs.500 per instalment with the total of all instalments not being less than Rs.5,000/-. (ix) Exchange-traded funds (ETF): An ETF is a hybrid product that combines the features of an index fund. These funds are listed on the stock exchanges and their prices are linked to the underlying index. The authorised participants can act as market makers for ETFs. Classification of mutual funds Mutual funds can be classified into three types and each is mutually exclusive. They are as under: Functional Classification: Based on the function funds can be classified as open ended and close ended. In an open ended scheme, an investor can make entry and exit at any time. The capital of the fund is unlimited and the redemption period is indefinite. In a close ended scheme, the investor can make an entry during the public offer or can buy from the stock market after the units are listed. The redemption period is definite at the end of which the corpus fund is liquidated. The investor can make his exit by selling the units in the stock market, or at the expiry of the scheme or during the repurchase period at his option. Portfolio Classification: On the basis of portfolio, funds are classified into three, viz., Equity funds, Debt funds and Special funds. Equity funds: Equity funds are invested in equity stocks. There are four types of equity funds. (a) Growth funds seek t o provide long term capital appreciation to the investor. This is best suited for long-term investor (b) Aggressive funds look for super normal returns for which investment is made in start-ups, IPOs and speculative shares, for risk-taking investors. (c) Income funds seek to maximise present income of the investors by investing in safe stocks paying high cash dividends and invest in high yield money market instruments. This is best suited for investors seeking current income. (d) Balanced funds are a mix of growth and income funds. They buy shares for growth and bonds for income and best for investors seeking to strike golden mean. Debt funds: (a) Bond funds invest in fixed income securities e.g. government bonds, corporate debentures, convertible debentures, money market. Investors seeking tax free income go in for government bonds while those looking for safe, steady income buy government bonds or high grade corporate bonds. (b) Gilt funds are mainly invested in Government secu rities. Special funds: (a) Index funds are low cost funds and influence the stock market. The investor will receive whatever the market delivers. (b) International funds raise money in India for investing globally. (c) Offshore funds are located in India to raise money globally for investing in India. (d) Sector funds invest their entire fund in a particular industry e.g. utility fund for utility industry like power, gas, and public works. Ownership Classification: Funds are classified into Public Sector Mutual Funds, Private Sector Mutual Funds, and Foreign Mutual Funds. Public Sector Mutual Funds are sponsored by a company of the public sector. Private Sector Mutual Fund is sponsored by a company of the private sector. Foreign Mutual Funds are sponsored by companies for raising funds in India, operate from India and invest in India. Key players in Mutual funds Mutual Fund is formed by a trust body. The business is set up by the sponsor, the money invested by the asset management company and the operations monitored by the trustee. There are five principal constituents and three market intermediaries in the formation and functioning of mutual fund. The five constituents are: (1) Sponsor: A company established under the Companies Act forms a mutual fund. (2) Asset Management Company: An entity registered under the Companies Act to manage the money invested in the mutual fund and to operate the schemes of the mutual fund as per regulations. It carries the responsibility of investing and managing the investors money. (3) Trustee: The trust is headed by Board of Trustees. The trustee holds the property of the mutual fund in trust for the benefit of unit holders and looks into the legal requirements of operating and functioning of the mutual fund. The trustee may also form a limited company under the Companies Act in some situation s. (4) Unit Holder: A person/entity holding an undivided share in the assets of a mutual fund scheme. (5) Mutual Fund: A mutual fund established under the Indian Trust Act to raise money through the sale of units to the public for investing in the capital market. The funds thus collected are passed on to the Asset Management Company for investment. The mutual fund has to be registered with SEBI. The three market intermediaries are: Custodian: A custodian is a person who has been granted a Certificate of Registration to conduct the business of custodial services under the SEBI (Custodian of Securities) Regulations 1996. Custodial services include safeguarding clients securities along with incidental services provided. Maintenance of accounts of clients securities together with the collection of benefits / rights accruing to a client falls within the purview of custodial service. Mutual funds require custodians so that AMC can concentrate on areas such as investment and management of money. Transfer Agents: A transfer agent is a person who has been granted a Certificate of Registration to conduct the business of transfer agent under SEBI (Registrars to an Issue and Share Transfer Agents) Regulations Act 1993. Transfer agents services include issue and redemption of mutual fund units, preparation of transfer documents and maintenance of updated investment records. They also record transfer of units between investors where depository does not function. Depository: Under the Depositories 1996, a depository is body corporate who carries out the transfer of units to the unit holder in dematerialised form and maintains records thereof. Regulation of Mutual Funds SEBI, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Ministry of Finance, Stock Exchanges, Registrar of Companies, Company Law Board, Department of Company Affairs are the agencies that govern the mutual funds in India. The guidelines range from the initial process of filling up the relevant applications for setting up a mutual fund to levying penalties for non-confirmation to the regulations as lay down by the SEBI. There are certain points relating to proper keeping of accounts so as to ensure transparency, thereby helping to protect the investors. General obligations: These are as under (1) To maintain proper books of accounts and records, etc; (2) Limitation on fees and expenses on issue of schemes; (3) Despatch of warrants and proceeds; (4) Annual Report; (5) Auditors Report; (6) Mailing of Annual Report and summary thereof; (7) Annual Report to be forwarded to the Board; (8) Periodic and continual disclosures; (9) Half yearly disclosures; (10) Disclosures to the investors. The final obligat ion regarding disclosures to the investors requires that the trustees shall be bound to make such disclosures to the unit holders as are essential in order to keep them informed about any information which may have an adverse bearing on their investments. Inspection and Audit: The provisions under this are: (1) Boards right to inspect and investigation; (2) Notice before inspection and investigation; (3) Obligation on inspection and investigation; Submission of report to the Board; (5) Communications of findings etc.; (6) Appointment of Auditor; (7) Payment of inspection fees to the Board. Procedure for action in case of default: The SEBI is empowered to undertake the following procedures in the event of default: (1) Suspension of certificate; (2) Cancellation of certificate; (3) Manner of making order of cancellation or suspension; (4) Show cause notice and order; (5) Effect of suspension or cancellation of certificate and registration; (6) Publication of order of suspensi on or cancellation; (7) Action against intermediaries. Mutual funds are also regulated in their investments in the primary market by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Mutual Funds Regulations, 1996. Broadly prescribes the important investment parameters under the regulations which are as follows: Not more than 5% of the corpus as reflected by the NAV can be invested in unlisted shares or convertibles. Not more than 10% of the NAV can be invested in shares or convertibles of a single company. The total investment in unrated debt instruments shall not exceed 25% of the NAV. No mutual fund under all its schemes can hold more than 10% of a companys share capital or voting rights. Mutual funds can now invest overseas upto US$ 3 billion up from US$ 2 billion previously. Operations of Mutual funds The operations of mutual funds generally include the following: Investment valuation norms Pricing of units Dividend distribution Apportionment of expenses Advertisement of schemes Investment approaches Offer document (Strategic Financial Management, 2008) History of the Indian Mutual fund history The mutual fund industry in India started in 1963 with the formation of Unit Trust of India, at the initiative of the Government of India and Reserve Bank of India. The history of mutual funds in India can be broadly divided into four distinct phases. First Phase 1964 1987: Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established on 1963 by an Act of Parliament. It was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and functioned under the Regulatory and administrative control of the Reserve Bank of India. In 1978 UTI was de-linked from the RBI and the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) took over the regulatory and administrative control in place of RBI. The first scheme launched by UTI was Unit Scheme 1964. At the end of 1988 UTI had Rs.6,700 crores of assets under management. Second Phase 1987 1993 (Entry of Public Sector Funds): 1987 marked the entry of non- UTI, public sector mutual funds set up by public sector banks and Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC). SBI Mutual Fund was the first non- UTI Mutual Fund established in June 1987 followed by Canbank Mutual Fund (Dec 87), Punjab National Bank Mutual Fund (Aug 89), Indian Bank Mutual Fund (Nov 89), Bank of India (Jun 90), Bank of Baroda Mutual Fund (Oct 92). LIC established its mutual fund in June 1989 while GIC had set up its mutual fund in December 1990. At the end of 1993, the mutual fund industry had assets under management of Rs.47,004 crores. Third Phase 1993 2003 (Entry of Private Sector Funds): With the entry of private sector funds in 1993, a new era started in the Indian mutual fund industry, giving the Indian investors a wider choice of fund families. Also, 1993 was the year in which the first Mutual Fund Regulations came into being, under which all mutual funds, except UTI were to be registered and governed. The erstwhile Kothari Pioneer (now merged with Franklin Templeton) was the first private sector mutual fund registered in July 1993. The 1993 SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations were substituted by a more comprehensive and revised Mutual Fund Regulations in 1996. The industry now functions under the SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996. The number of mutual fund houses went on increasing, with many foreign mutual funds setting up funds in India and also the industry has witnessed several mergers and acquisitions. As at the end of January 2003, there were 33 mutual funds with total assets of Rs. 1,21,805 crores. The Unit Trust of India with Rs.44,541 crores of assets und er management was way ahead of other mutual funds. Fourth Phase since February 2003: In February 2003, following the repeal of the Unit Trust of India Act 1963 UTI was bifurcated into two separate entities. One is the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India with assets under management of Rs.29,835 crores as at the end of January 2003, representing broadly, the assets of US 64 scheme, assured return and certain other schemes. The Specified Undertaking of Unit Trust of India, functioning under an administrator and under the rules framed by Government of India and does not come under the purview of the Mutual Fund Regulations. The second is the UTI Mutual Fund, sponsored by SBI, PNB, BOB and LIC. It is registered with SEBI and functions under the Mutual Fund Regulations. With the bifurcation of the erstwhile UTI which had in March 2000 more than Rs.76,000 crores of assets under management and with the setting up of a UTI Mutual Fund, conforming to the SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations, and with recent mergers taking place among different private sector funds, the mutual fund industry has entered its current phase of consolidation and growth. The graph indicates the growth of assets over the years. Note: Erstwhile UTI was bifurcated into UTI Mutual Fund and the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India effective from February 2003. The Assets under management of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India has therefore been excluded from the total assets of the industry as a whole from February 2003 onwards. (www.amfiindia.com)[online]

The North American Free Trade Agreement - 1018 Words

The North American Free Trade Agreement, known as NAFTA, is a trilateral trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Signed January 1, 1994, NAFTA’s main purpose was to reduce trading costs, increase business investments, and help the United States be more competitive in the global marketplace. The agreement would eliminate all tariffs on half of all U.S. goods shipping to Mexico and introduce new regulations to encourage cross-border investments. According to President Bush, trade deals give birth to jobs, more jobs mean higher incomes for the American people, which in turn means a boom for the American economy. However, in 1993 negotiations created union-backed protests across the nation against the creation of a free-trade zone, while at the same time prominent economists and government officials still predicted NAFTA would lead to hundreds of thousands of jobs and more sales of U.S. products abroad. Since the inception of NAFTA in 1994 those jobs did not materialize because simply put trade can both create jobs and destroys jobs. Of course, increases in U.S. exports can potentially create jobs. However, increases in imports can reduce jobs because imports displace goods otherwise made in the United States. Ultimately, some of the results that followed as a result of NAFTA ended up eroding labor conditions for two nations with some of the worst impacts felt south of the border. Detroit was once the 4th largest city in the United States with aShow MoreRelatedNorth American Free Trade Agreement Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pages North American Free Trade Agreement During the most recent race for the White House we heard very little of substance from both parties, but one thing both parties seem to agree on is that free trade has been bad for the U.S. worker. One candidate proclaimed that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has cost the United States hundreds of thousands of jobs and another distanced herself from free trade agreements all together. It has been over twenty years since the implementation ofRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1711 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss four components of the North American Free Trade Agreement: Background, events, pros and cons. Upon the research, you will discover four online articles to provide more detail and examples. This research will indicate how it was developed and the reasoning on why it would benefit the nation. Also, it will provide events that occur after the agreement was signed by congress and the recession the countries experience during the e arly 2000s. There will be a chart locatedRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagessubstance from both parties, but one thing both parties seem to agree on is that free trade has been bad for the U.S. worker. One candidate proclaimed that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has cost the United States hundreds of thousands of jobs and another distanced herself from free trade agreements all together. It has been over twenty years since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement and many have criticized it as a bad deal for the U.S. It can be shown thatRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1036 Words   |  5 PagesThe North American Free Trade Agreement also referred to as NAFTA produced results on January 1, 1994. A trade agreement was made between each of the three of nations of North America. The United States, Canada, and Mexico. 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The Holocaust Genocide - 1325 Words

The Holocaust is one of the most gruesome and inhumane events to ever happen in the history of the world. The Holocaust took place during World War II. WWII was one event that was categorized as strictly good vs evil. At the beginning of the war America wanted to remain neutral because we had just come out of WWI and were working on rebuilding our economy. The United States was successful in remaining neutral until Japan bombed Pearl Harbor early on the morning of December 7. 1941. The United States officially entered the WWII when we declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941. Just a few short days later on December 11, 1941, Hitler declared war on the united states, as Germany was an ally to Japan (Guerra.) On august 15.1945 Japan surrender to the U.S (Guerra) WWII had seven major countries involved including Germany, Italy, and Japan as the axis powers and the united states, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union as the allies. (Guerra) Hitler and his Nazis were a race of â₠¬Å"Aryan people† who believed their people were far more superior to any other race in the world. In their minds they believed they were more worthy of respect than even God himself. Hitler regarded the German’s as the Aryan â€Å"master race† (Nazi Racism) Hitler wanted a â€Å"pure race† so they could one day eventually conquer the world by themselves. Hitler’s perfect Aryan race was characterized by blonde haired, blue eyed and tall Aryans. For some unspecific reason, Hitler and his leaders did not viewShow MoreRelatedGenocides And Genocides Of The Holocaust1455 Words   |  6 PagesGenocides Occurring After the Holocaust The Holocaust was a mass murder of millions of individuals’ primary to and during World War II. â€Å"Only 54 percent of the people surveyed by the Anti- Defamation League (ADL) in a massive, global poll has ever heard of the Holocaust† (Wiener-Bronner). The Holocaust was from 1933-1945 and was run by German leader named Adolf Hitler. Hitler was a man who wanted to create his own race of people. Therefore to create this race, he wiped out anyone who did not haveRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust885 Words   |  4 Pages The Holocaust genocide lasted for approximately 4,482 days. There were nearly twelve years of planning and organizing the extermination of Jews in Europe. For most of those years, nearly all surrounding countries did not partake in assisting the survival of these Jews. Why? Why was there such insufficient help from countries around the world while the Holocaust had been occurring? Had other countries stepped in sooner to provide safety and rescue for the Jews, how different would history be? Read MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust1541 Words   |  7 Pageshuman history has existed, genocide as existed along with it. Even though the term itself was not coined until the 1940s by Raphael Lemkin in response to the Holocaust, the act of genocide has been occurring for millennia. In 146 BCE the first recorded act of genocide occurred with the Roman destruction of Carthage According to the Genocide Convention, genocide is defined as â€Å"the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a nat ional, ethnical, racial or religious group†. Genocide happens for a multitudeRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust1313 Words   |  6 PagesGenocide is the destruction of an ethnic, racial, or religious group. The most famous genocide, conducted by the Germans, is the extermination of the Jewish population known as the Holocaust. There are other genocides such as the Armenian or Darfur genocide, but the Holocaust is the one talked about and studied the most around the world today. Museums exist in Washington D.C, Los Angeles, and parts of Europe that focus primarily on this dark time in history. Vast amounts of books, movies, and documentsRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust1881 Words   |  8 Pagesreligions for cultural differences. This horrible action is known as genocide and it has killed millions and millions of innocent people in our world. Genocide has happened many times throughout our history and one of the most well known is the Holocaust the deliberate killing of six million Jews. Sadly many people have witnessed genocide with their own eyes and wished they could have unseen it, such as Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor. A few years ago was another event called Darfur occurred whichRead MoreThe Genocide And The Holocaust1198 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been several genocides in the past century. The Cambodian Genocide and the Holocaust are two of the great tragedies of the twentieth century. The Holocaust occurred in Germany and Eastern Europe. The Cambodian genocide took place in Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge was an overwhelming communist force that took Phnom Penh by surprise. In Cambodia, â€Å"21% of the population was killed. That is about 1.7 million people that lost their lives† (â€Å"Past Genocides†). There was little commotion or outcryRead MoreGenocide And The Holocaust772 Words   |  4 Pages Genocide is one of the most tragic events that can happen around the world. Identifying the stages is the most crucial part of stopping these horrible acts. The Bosnian Genocide and the Holocaust could have been prevented or stopped if the 8 stages were properly identified . There are 8 stages of genocide and the first stage is Classification. Classification is putting people into groups based on race, ethnicity, and religion. These groups usually are separated into the superior people and the inferiorRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust1372 Words   |  6 PagesYailene Gaona 7th Period Genocide Have you ever wondered how would it be like to experience being killed because of your hair , skin, eye, color? If you had to be killed for any of that it would be called genocide? By genocide they mean destruction of a nation, race, religion, or ethnic group. For example, in 1933 The Holocaust was occurring. Adolf Hitler was the one who began an army of Nazi s and they were the ones that would target Jews. They placed all of the Jews in concentration campsRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Holocaust1823 Words   |  8 Pages Genocide Genocide a word that brings forth the morbid image of barbed wire fences, trenches overflowing with bodies, malnourished men, women, and children, a depressing black sky. Genocides definition is â€Å"the deliberate killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political, or cultural group† (Merriam-Webster.com) True to its name genocide is a word that has the ability to cause war and leaves a hellish vision in its victims. Despite all of this the seeminglyRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Rwanda Genocide1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe mind of a survivor of genocide can be various, violent, confused, or blank, it can scar the mind indefinitely or not. Not only are the conductors of the kill-spree are scary, but even the victims can be just as terrifying. Two examples of genocide are the Holocaust and the Rwanda Genocide, both of which gives off long ranges of psychological effects on the mind of those who survive. Survivors struggle through the tragic events with the ho pe they would soon find and be with their loved ones. So

Breast Implants Info Essay Research Paper Breast free essay sample

Breast Implants Info Essay, Research Paper Breast Plants: Good or Bad? For decennaries consumer # 8220 ; advocates # 8221 ; claimed that legal reform to do it harder for persons to action companies would unleash a downpour of insecure merchandises on the market. Alternatively, an out-of-control legal system is doing it about impossible for companies to develop merchandises for adult females without put on the lining bankruptcy. See silicone chest implants: Bags filled with silicone gel have been used for over three decennaries to retrace or enlarge adult females # 8217 ; s chests. Anywhere from 500,000 to 2 million adult females have received breast implants. Thankss to a category action case, nevertheless, chest implant shapers are being forced to abandon the implant market even though there is no grounds implants cause injury. In the 1980s, some adult females began claiming their silicone chest implants leaked, doing a assortment of symptoms common to connective tissue diseases such as arthritic arthritis, lupus and dermatosclerosis. We will write a custom essay sample on Breast Implants Info Essay Research Paper Breast or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By the summer of 1992, 1000s of instances were filed, including at least nine province and federal category actions cases. It is now clear silicone chest implants pose no wellness hazard to adult females. A survey, conducted by the Mayo Clinic, compared adult females who had chest implants and those who did non over a 27 twelvemonth period and found there was no difference in the hazard for connective tissue disease. Similar consequences were found for rates of malignant neoplastic disease other than breast malignant neoplastic disease. In add-on, non a individual survey supports the claim made by some adult females that silicone chest implants do higher rates of multiple s clerosis and auto-immune disease. If there is no scientific connexion between silicone chest implants and connective tissue disease, why have adult females won instances against implant makers? Courts in the United States have broad discretion on who can be considered an expert for intents of medical testimony. Lawyers are highly successful in acquiring research workers who engage in cheapjack research on the base to attest that chest implants do so do diseases. In the current legal environment a individual triumph by implant complainant # 8217 ; s can be a company 1000000s. Lawyers are acquiring rich off this, but adult females will happen their medical picks limited in the future thanks to these cases. Fearing liability issues, companies are reacting by merely non developing engineerings that might expose them to merchandise liability suits. Silicone, for illustration, potentially has 100s of utilizations, but companies will believe long and difficult before marketing any kind of merchandise that incorporates it f or fright that they excessively will go the victim of cases. Already test attorneies are seting out antennas to take on the shapers of Norplant. Norplant is a birth control device implanted in the arm and delivers preventives for up to five old ages. Norplant is besides made out of silicone, and it is merely a affair of clip before cases claiming it causes connective tissue perturb start looking in America # 8217 ; s tribunals. Most pharmaceutical companies have already stopped researching new preventives due to liability concerns, and this could spell decease for future preventive options.