Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business Assignment - 1

Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business - Assignment Example b. Retained earnings Retained earnings are profits that have been retained within the business for use in the operation of the business instead of being paid out as dividends to its shareholders. One of the operational uses of profits retained in the business is meeting the business short-term obligations. c. Capital Market Sourcing funds through the capital market simply meant getting additional funds through the issuance of new shares of stocks. If a company is unquoted, it simply has to obtain a Stock Exchange quotation to be able to issue shares of stocks to raise funds for the operation of the business (Macdonald and Cheng 1997). d. Financial leases Finance leases are lease agreements between the user of the leased asset (the lessee) and a provider of finance (the lessor) during the leased asset’s useful life (Macdonald and Cheng 1997). This arrangement is usually resorted to in obtaining fixed assets whereby a creditor agrees to act as the lessor by purchasing the asset and lease it to a company. The company will then use the asset and make regular payments to the creditor under the team of the lease (Macdonald and Cheng 1997). II. ... In fiscal year 2009, it experienced a slowdown due to the adverse macroeconomic conditions that includes high unemployment rate caused by the financial crisis in addition to H1N1 pandemic. It still managed to increase its net earnings during the year of comparison (2009). Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio (Current assets/current liability) Current assets (in million) 370.6 Current liabilities 482.3 Current ratio .76 Acid test (Cash + Accounts Receivable + Short-term investment/current liability) Cash 121.7 Accounts Receivable 130 + Total cash and equivalents 251.7 Current liability 482.3 / Acid ratio .52 Efficiency Creditor days 16.78 (see appendix) Debtor days (debt/salesx365 days) 67.5 million/2,537.4 million x 365 days =9.7 days Inventory turnover = 0 (see appendix) McDonalds McDonald's is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 33,000 local restaurants serving nearly 68 million people in 119 countries each day (McDonalds 2012). It is headquartered in the US and derives its revenue mainly from rent, royalties and fees paid by its franchises in addition to the company sales. McDonalds is also one of the most recognizable brands in the world. Financial Analysis Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio (Current assets/current liability) Current assets(in millions) 3,416 Current liabilities 2,988.70 / Current ratio 1.14 Acid test (Cash + Accounts Receivable + Short-term investment/current liability) Cash 1,796.0 Accounts receivable 1,060.4 + Total 2,856.4 Current liabilities 2,988.70 / Acid test ratio .96 Efficiency Creditor days 18.44 (see appendix) Debtor days (debt/salesx365 days) 181 million/22,744.70 million x 365 days =9.7 days Inventory turnover = 117 Summary 2009 Burger King McDonalds Current Ratio .76 1.14

The dictionary & words Essay Example for Free

The dictionary words Essay The dictionary has been our help when the struggle of figuring out the meaning of difficult ad unusual words strikes us. For a word to become an entry in the dictionary, and widely used across the earth, it must also be used in a broad range over a period of time. English words have been known to this. Most of the selections of English words are based on how such word is used and is often not based on personal references. Oftentimes, English words are used by publications or by the majority in a particular region or country and even to those regions which use a different language as their medium of communication, like China. Nowadays, hundreds of English words are accepted specifically in hundreds of regions, too. These words have become common to both males and females. Amongst the many English words commonly used by men and women, articles â€Å"the, a, an† are just few of the most common. Without such words (article), the meaning from the noun being used will be hard to understand since they can also be thought as another special kind of adjective. You may notice a big difference of meaning when you make a sentence with and without the existence of â€Å"the†. For example, from the sentence, â€Å"Cat is eating the food,† the word â€Å"Cat† may be understood as the name of a person without the presence of the article, â€Å"the†. Meanwhile, if you modify the sentence to â€Å"The cat is eating the food† the meaning in it will also be reversed to the â€Å"cat† as an animal, instead of a person. This also holds true to other articles, â€Å"a† and â€Å"an† from the sentence, â€Å"A dolphin is a mammal† and â€Å"Dolphin is a mammal. † Similarly, â€Å"verb to be† words are the protean of English, especially created in order to formulate and express a certain thought that is grammatically correct. Common â€Å"verb to be’s† are â€Å"am†, â€Å"is†, and â€Å"are† together with its past and future tenses. These words are used as verbs that link the subject with its complement. Without these, the whole sentence or phrase will be ineffective. However, the use of words has to abide with the grammar rules. If used in a wrong way, the entire meaning will be spoiled. Pronouns namely: â€Å"I, you, he/she/it, we, they† are used as substitutes for nouns in order to avoid repetitive use of nouns. A sentence where the noun is frequently used may be inconvenient and a little complicated to understand. However, if nouns are being substituted by pronouns, the reader has greater chances to appreciate and understand a single or group of sentences. The following shows the differences of having too many nouns used from using pronouns. When Anne went home, Anne notice Anne’s mother preparing food for Anne. When Anne went home, she notice her mother preparing food for her. Apart from articles, verb to be’s, and pronouns, conjunctions, too, are widely used amongst men and women. Coordinating conjunctions â€Å"and,† â€Å"but,† â€Å"or,† â€Å"yet,† â€Å"for,† â€Å"nor,† and â€Å"or† are joiners – words that link parts of every sentence. They connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal importance. Meanwhile, Conjunctive adverbs, or transition words, can exist either in the beginning, middle or the latter part of either in the first or second clause of a compound sentence. Common conjunctive adverbs are â€Å"then,† â€Å"likewise,† â€Å"however,† and a lot more. With so many English words known and used widely, it’s safe to say that global English standards have penetrated all throughout the earth. True enough, they affect the mindset of every individual. So, it is normal for us to expect that many will become responsive upon learning to know and understand English words most especially among Chinese, Korean, and other races. Likewise, technology is not deteriorating. Cable television is not new and almost 99 % English-oriented programs are being aired on cable TVs. No wonder why a lot of non-English individuals become more oriented to the English language. In the flow of modernity, we see the influx of Hollywood movies aired in English language. These shows do not fail to catch the attention of its viewers, Americans and non-Americans alike. Globalization is it. And it has been accepted worldwide that English language is now being used as the medium of communication. They value the language same as they value their existence. Perhaps, English words send a strong message to many that gives them an option not to close their minds from learning the language. Reference List Discounttutor. com 2008. The Most Common Words in the English Language. Electronic document, http://discountutor.com/most_commonly_use_words. htm, accessed November 16, 2008. The SDSU Writing Center 2008. Conjunctions and Conjunctive Verbs. Electronic document, http://www. sdstate. edu/writingcenter/conjunctions_and_conjunctive_adv1. htm, accessed November 16, 2008. University of Ottawa 2008. What is a Pronoun. Electronic document, http://www. arts. uottawa. ca/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns. html, accessed November 16, 2008. WhiteSmoke Inc. 2008 [2002] The Verb â€Å"To Be† in English. Electronic document, http://www. whitesmoke. com/verb-to-be. html, accessed November 16, 2008.

The Aging of Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The Aging of Hamlet "Books are not absolutely dead things, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as that soul was whose progeny they are" Milton I Read Hamlet the other day. It had changed considerably since I last read it. Hamlet himself was somewhat thinner, I thought; but he had also mellowed considerably; he was rather less cynical and a little more tolerant than he had been. Polonius was definitely more senile than before. Ophelia was less silly, and more of a pathetic figure than ever. Laertes was exactly the same: that sort of young man does not change; but Osrichad distinctly grown up. The Queen was a little fatter; and the King's teeth seemed to me to be needing attention. These were the principal changes I noticed in the play.... Some people will say that this is fantastic nonsense, and that it was I that had changed, not the play. Most imagine that when a work of art leaves the hand of the master, it remains in changeless beauty forever, though succeeding generations may feel differently about it, seeing it from different angles. It is to point out the fallacy of this common opinion that I am writing this essay. The fallacy springs from regarding a great work of art as a dead thing; whereas the distinctive fact about whatever has been created by genius is that it is alive and not dead. When Milton says that "books are not absolutely dead things, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as that soul was whose progeny they are," his statement is both too wide and too narrow: too wide, because it is not true of all books, but only of a very select minority, the majority being as dead as mutton; too narrow becau... ... Those creations which have such vitality in them are the works which we call "inspired"; perhaps, without twisting language too violently, we can say that that is the very meaning of "inspiration" - putting spirit into lifeless matter. I need scarcely mention the obvious fact that many things which pass for works of art at the time of their production are entirely uninspired, and consequently have no principle of vitality in them, no enduring life. Most of the plays written by Shakespeare's contemporaries are uninspired works, and therefore dead. Though I, personally, get a good deal of pleasure from reading them, I always feel, after an hour or two in their company, as if I had been walking about among specimens - some of them curious and some of them beautiful - in museum cases; unchanging things, things fixed forever in the frozen immobility of death.

Essay --

For years on end, the U.S government has been in a large amount of debt. By understanding what our budget deficit looks like, you will be amazed to see how much money we spend each year. The government budget is a legal document that forecasts the government expenditures and revenues for a specific period of time (3). A budget period is usually one fiscal year and our data shows that we have been in a deficit for far too long which means that our government is spending a lot more money than we actually have. According to usgovernmentspending.com, the U.S spent 6.1 trillion dollars during this year of 2013 (1). With 20% to health care, 18% to pensions, 15% to education, 13% to defense, 9% to welfare, and the other 25% on everything else goes to show how much money we need to spend in order to keep this country running strong (1). Many people have their own views and opinions on what we should do in order to get out of the hole that we have created over the years. A reliable source by the name of Nancy Pelosi who is a House Speaker stated, "The best way to reduce the deficit is to grow our economy; the best way to grow our economy is to act on the priorities in the president's budget. President Obama's budget will transform our economy and create jobs by cutting taxes for 95 percent of Americans, making healthcare more affordable and accessible, creating a new, clean energy economy, and modernizing our schools to prepare our workforce for global competition (2).† I personally agree with most of these ideas stated above because growing the economy and fixing the problems we have now will lower the deficit in the long run. Starting off by making healthcare more accessible to everyone will allow Americans to feel more stable and secure... ...eed to enforce a tax on greenhouse gases. As we all know, these harmful gases are being fueled into the air every second of everyday. This would bring in money for government funding and make people realize that the government isn’t free. We also need to create other sources of energy production. This would lower prices for gas, make machinery operations less expensive, protect the environment and lower expenses on imports of fuel from other countries. With more energy reserves being established in the U.S. will also bring in a lot more jobs. Another option is to decrease foreign aid and military spending by a certain percentage. This would save our country billions of dollars. As you can see, there are many different routes we can take to decrease the budget deficit. We must all work together and figure out a way to diminish any extra spending that is not needed.

Discovery Rules

Criminal or civil litigation is the last resort for seeking justice from the system. Given the large number of litigation suits filed in democratic countries as the United States, there is a need to seek recompense in justice outside the legal system or before parties concerned agree to bring the issue to a court of law. These measures however need to be institutionalized so that both parties are satisfied with the processes and are encouraged to resolve the matter outside the court of law.The mechanism of discovery rules is one such instrument which has provided for pre-trial phase in a law suit. The discovery procedure allows the parties in a law suit to request for evidence including documents from the other parties. The law provides for making such requests which could be for production as well as depositions. If required sub poenas can be issued for production of evidence. The discovery rules if used purposefully can lead to minimizing litigations as well as provide justice to l itigants.The aim of the prosecution is to collect sufficient evidence to establish veracity of the case and to ensure justice. However frequently the prosecution acts as an instrument to prove guilt of the accused. This mistaken notion results in subverting the very process that is required to be undertaken under the discovery rules. To avoid this anomaly it is essential that the prosecution discloses all evidence to the accused in a criminal case prior to the trial.Having so displayed information in all respects, be it exculpatory or inculpatory by the prosecution, the defendant will be able to establish culpability of the offence and in turn decide either to challenge the case or to disclose as much evidence as possible for the prosecution to assess if the case is to be pursued or will achieve the ends of justice. The defendant is granted very justifiably protection under the Fifth Amendment, a privilege of attorney-client relationship as well as against self recrimination because of which he should not be required to disclose evidence to the prosecution.This ensures that practical problems of implementing discovery rules are overcome. Prosecution can misuse discovery rules to extract maximum evidence regarding the case to strengthen arguments rather than seeking ends of justice. As Stracher (1998) has indicated the best legal minds are involved in manipulation of evidence rather than seeking ends of justice. Thus it would be appropriate for the defendant is able to exercise privileges granted in the present socio-legal environment.

A Few Simple Rules for Expressing Numbers in Your Writing

A Few Simple Rules for Expressing Numbers in Your Writing When you refer to a number in your writing, you often have to decide whether to use a numerical expression/figure or spell it out as a word. This article discusses numbers, how to write them correctly, and when to use numerical expressions instead.General rulesRelated numbers should be expressed consistently. For example, if you choose to use figures because one of the numbers is greater than nine, use figures for all of the numbers in that category. If you choose to spell out numbers because one of the numbers is a single digit, spell out all numbers in that category. For example:Right: two apples, six oranges, four pears, and three bananasWrong: two apples, 6 oranges, four pears, and 3 bananasIf a passage includes numbers that follow one another, one is spelled out and the other is represented with a figure.Unclear: The club celebrated the birthdays of 6 90-year-olds who were born in the city. (This may cause the reader to read 690 as one number.)Clearer: The club celebrated the bi rthdays of six 90-year-olds who were born in the city.Rules for spelling out numbersThe rules of usage vary, but small numbers, such as whole numbers smaller than ten, should be spelled out. This is the one rule that is fairly uniform among all rulebooks. Most style guides also include all numbers that can be expressed in one or two words. Figures are recommended for the other cases. For example:Exactly three poundsTwo thousand dollarsAbout twenty-six yearsThirty-two peopleJust 268 days until ChristmasCost $46.151,238 tons116.3 gallonsAnother widely accepted rule is to write out a number if it begins a sentence. For example:Right: Six percent of the group failed.Wrong: 6% of the group failed.You may need to reword sentences to avoid spelling out large numbers. For example:Right: Fans bought 400,000 copies of her new book on the first day.Wrong: 400,000 copies of her book were sold on the first day.In English, the comma is used as a thousands separator and the period is used as a dec imal separator to make large numbers easier to read. Thus, you should write the size of Alaska as:Right: 571,951 square milesWrong: 571951 square miles.If the number is rounded or estimated, spell it out. Rounded numbers over a million are written as a numeral plus a word:Right: About 400 million people speak Spanish natively,Wrong: About 400,000,000 people speak Spanish natively.Hyphenate a number written as two words if it is under one hundred. For example:There are twenty-two students in my class.Use a hyphen to separate the numerator from the denominator in written fractions. For example:Two-thirds of the class chose the correct answer.Rules for using figuresThe following should be expressed as figures.Exact measurements followed by symbols or abbreviations: 55 m.p.h.Exact amounts of money: $110.79Decimals and fractions: 2.5, 3/5Percentages, scores, or statistics: 38%, score of 10-1Volume, chapter, and page numbers: Vol. I, Chapter 12, page 87Act, scene, and line numbers: Act II I, Scene 2, lines 23-27PlacesFigures are generally used for addresses. For example:16 Tenth Street350 West 114 StreetTimeUse numerals with the time of day when exact times are being emphasized or when using A.M. or P.M. For example:8:00 A.M.However, use noon and midnight rather than 12:00 P.M. and 12:00 A.M.Normally, spell out the time of day in text even with half and quarter hours. With oclock, the number is always spelled out. For example:eight oclock in the morningDatesIt is generally acceptable to express a decade by spelling it out or writing it as a figure. When expressing a decade as a figure, do not use an apostrophe between the year and the s, i.e., 1980s. When spelling out a decade, use lower case letters, i.e., the eighties.In general, do not use st, nd, rd, and th after dates to indicate ordinals.Right: We will meet again on April 15.Wrong: We will meet again on April 15th.Here are a few more examples of dates:December 12, 1965 or 12 December 1965A.D. 1066in 1900from 19 71–72 or from 1971–1972Expressing numbers in mathematics and the sciencesUse an en dash, not a hyphen, to indicate a closed numeric range, i.e., 100–110.Insert a space on either side of mathematical operators (-, +, =, etc.) or symbols unless they directly precede a number to indicate a value (There should not be a space between a number and a percentage sign, i.e., 100%.Preferably abbreviate units of measurement when used with figures, but spell them out when not preceded by figures.Write decimals in figures. Put a zero in front of a decimal unless the decimal itself begins with a zero.Please keep in mind that this article discusses general rules regarding the expression of numbers in writing. In business and academia, you should always consult the applicable style guide. For example, the APA Publication Manual and the Chicago Manual of Style have extensive sections devoted to the use of numbers in technical papers.

Without Limits essays

Without Limits essays Without Limits - Movie Review Words - 1,111 The movie Without Limits takes place in Munich Germany during the 1972 Olympics. This movie is about hopes, dreams, and ambitions. During the late '60s and early '70s, Steve Prefontaine single-handedly revitalized the sport of track transforming it from a college activity to a major national interest. Prefontaine became something of a hero who brought his sport into the headlines. It focuses on the star's rough personality and his refusal to pace himself; the only way he wanted to win was by `` leading all the way.'' Prefontaine wanted to fulfill and accomplish his goals. Although people thought he didnt have the potential and the physical ability to complete his dream he still thought positive and looked forward into accomplishing what he believed he could accomplish. His legs were short for a runner and of unequal length. Prefontaine returns to Oregon as an amateur who is expected to work at basic jobs, he becomes a bartender and lives at the poverty line he gets a mobile home whi le he is training for the next Olympics. Other countries support their athletes, and Prefontaine becomes a leader of a campaign to change America's rules. During this running of his campaign Prefontaine makes no attempts to win friends. Prefontaine did accomplish his goals and more than people thought he could have achieved he set world wide records and some which still stand today. After setting numerous American and collegiate records, Prefontaine was known world wide at this point and was ready for the world stage. Prefontaine participated in the 1972 Olympics and was the center of attention. He let the people down and those who started to believe and have little hope for him. Prefontaine then came in a disappointing fourth. Following the loss, Prefontaine went into a state of depression. He then recovered, and was preparing for the 1976 Olympics, when, at the age of 24 in 1975, he was killed in a s...

Definition and Examples of Catchphrases

Definition and Examples of Catchphrases Definition A catchphrase is a vogue expression, often media-inspired and usually short-lived. Also called catchwords. In a recent study (What Makes a Catchphrase Catchy?), Eline Zenner et al. describe catchphrases as expressions used in (visual) media, politics, literature etc. that catch on . . .: they are used freely in discourse, in contexts detached from the original source (New Perspectives on Lexical Borrowing, 2014). See Examples and Observations  below. Also see: Chunk51 Reasons Youll Never Be Told Youre FiredLogology Adage,  Maxim, Platitude,  and Proverb MottoPet PhraseSloganSnowcloneWhat Are Clichà ©s? Examples and Observations Wise Latina(catchphrase introduced by Sonia Sotomayor, first Hispanic Supreme Court justice)I know nothing.(Manuels catchphrase in the BBC television comedy  Fawlty Towers)Are you avin a laugh?(Andy Millmans catchphrase in  the BBC television comedy  Extras) Make America Great Again- In the end, Mr. Trump’s simple promise to Make America Great Again, a catchphrase Mrs. Clinton dismissed as a vow to return to a racist past already long disappeared, would draw enough white Americans to the polls to make up for his low minority support.(Amy Chozick, Hillary Clintons Expectations, and Her Ultimate Campaign Missteps. The New York Times, November 9, 2016)- You know how your favorite band suddenly seems less cool once your mom knows about them? Or an internet catchphrase loses its cachet once your history teacher uses it to explain the Reconstruction era? Presidential campaigns are like that.(Ryan Teague Beckwith, How a Beatles T-Shirt From Japan Became the Latest Donald Trump Merchandise. Time, August 26, 2016) Nuts to you, McGullicuty!The ultra-high-powered-to-the-point-of-insanity network executive, played by show-stealing Alec Baldwin, has a simple scriptwriting method: start with the catchphrases (Nuts to you, McGullicuty!, Who ordered the wieners?) and work backwards.(Pete Cashmore, 30 Reasons Why 30 Rock Rocks! The Guardian, February  14, 2009) Let Me Be ClearLet me be clear.In the first six months of Obama’s presidency, this simple sentence has gone from political pet phrase to full-on rhetorical signature, appearing (along with its variants let’s be clear and I want to be clear) scores of times in the commander in chief’s pre-written and extemporaneous remarks.(Andie Coller, Obamas Favorite Phrase. Politico.com, August  1, 2009) Oh, My![Dick] Enberg is especially remembered for developing and repeating memorable catchphrases in his broadcasts. After each Angels win, Enberg would close the TV broadcast by saying, And the Halo shines tonight! After any outsta nding play, youre likely to hear Enberg shout his catchphrase, Oh, my!(Ric W. Jensen, Dick Enberg. American Sports: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas, ed. by Murry R. Nelson. Greenwood, 2013) A catch phrase is a phrase that has caught on, and pleases the populace. Ill go along with that, provided these substitutions be accepted: saying for phrase; and public for the tendentious populace.(Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Catch Phrases. Routledge, 1986) Sources of CatchphrasesCatch phrases can come from a variety of media sources. During the 1984 presidential campaign, Walter Mondale asked his Democratic rival Gary Hart, Wheres the beef? when he wanted to question his opponents political experience. Although the expression has since died, at the time there was widespread use of this phrase, which originated from a Wendys hamburger chain television commercial.Other examples of catch phrases include Homer Simpsons Doh; Bringing sexy back, from Justin Timberlakes hit single; Im kind of a big deal, a famous line from the 2004 comedy Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy.(Joseph Turow, Media Today. Taylor Francis, 2008) Dated CatchphrasesA catchphrase often wears itself out thro ugh overuse. A faux pas among those in the know is to date oneself by the use of an out-of-date catchphrase. As we examined catchphrases . . ., we noted that the older catchphrases (e.g., the journalistic If in doubt, strike it out, from 1894) seem more fresh than the more recent ones (Are we having fun yet? from 1984).(Dale D. Johnson et al., Logology: Word and Language Play in Vocabulary Instruction, eds. J. F. Baumann and E. J. Kameenui. Guilford, 2003) The Catchphrase CrazePrince must be peeved.Taylor Swift, born six years after he urged us to party like it’s 1999, is seeking a trademark for party like it’s 1989 and other phrases from her current album, including this sick beat and nice to meet you; where you been.If approved by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Swift will have the exclusive right to use those phrases on a wide range of products, including clothing and accessories.She’s not alone in trying to cash in on catchphrases: The Seattle Seahawks have filed trademark applications for boom and the number 12, according to The Seattle Times. Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Marcus Stroman registered height doesn’t measure heart. . . .It’s all part of a disquieting trend to lock up property rights at the expense of others’ free speech.(Ken Paulson, Catchphrase Craze Comes With Costs. The Californian, February 4, 2015) The Lighter Side of CatchphrasesMarge: I saved these for you, Bart. You ll always have them to remind you of the time when you were the whole worlds special little guy.Bart: Thanks, Mom.Lisa: And now you can go back to just being you, instead of a one-dimensional character with a silly catchphrase.Homer: Doh!Bart: Aye Carumba.Marge: Hmmmmm.Ned Flanders: Hidely-ho.Barney Gumble: [belches]Nelson: Ha-ha.Mr. Burns: Excellent.[Everyone stares at Lisa.]Lisa: If anyone wants me, Ill be in my room.Homer: What kind of catchphrase is that?(Bart Gets Famous. The Simpsons, 1994)Its just like Vince always said. I should think about what I do before I do it. How does he put it? Considering the consequences is awesomeness . . . sss . . .. He turned away and feverishly shook his head, mumbling. That is the worst catchphrase ever.(David O. Russell and Andrew Auseon, Alienated. Simon Schuster, 2009) Alternate Spellings: catch phrase

Discuss how mechanical engineering has helped the human race to Assignment

Discuss how mechanical engineering has helped the human race to develop - Assignment Example Among the aspects of human lives, that mechanical engineering has influenced includes transportation. Throughout the history of humans, the transportation of products to the commercial centers was one of the biggest challenges to the development and faster civilization of humans. However, with the discovery of mechanical engineering, humans have fast tracked developments in communication and transportation technologies thus developing stronger economies of the contemporary society. Introduction Mechanical engineering began in the 18th century in central Europe during the industrial revolution. The wave of industrial revolution in Europe influenced numerous discoveries with the view of increasing the use of machines to replace the extensive human labor that had preceded the agrarian revolution. Humans thus concerted their effort in determining the best ways of harnessing heat energy and using it to run machines. Among the several areas, that humans concentrated on was transportation. Humans had tried developing faster and easier ways of transportation to help facilitate the movements of both people and products. After the invention of the wheel much earlier, humans concentrated on inventing ways of propelling the wheel and using it to facilitate transportation. Through mechanical engineering, humans discovered the use of fossil and among other fuels to produce heat capable of propelling engines. The invention of automobiles, ships and airplanes in the modern societies origi nated from the concerted efforts of such early mundane mechanical engineers as Isaac Newton and Archimedes to explain some of the developments in the field. Integration and interaction were and still are essential psychological concepts that have influenced every aspect of humanity including politics ad economy. Humans needed effective and efficient ways of transporting their products to the market. This was essential for survival since after the agrarian revolution, the climatic disparity resulted in different regions producing specific products. Humans therefore needed effective platforms to trade their products thus develop stronger and more cohesive societies. Additionally, humans had invented and started using some of the basic tools such as hoes and ploughs during the agrarian revolution. With such basic knowledge on the use of tools, humans therefore sought to incorporate the use of machines to pull carts and wagons. With the invention of mechanical engineering, humans could therefore begin developing machines capable of increasing the efficiency of the previously existing tools. The development of effective means of transportation led to the faster industrialization of the European economies. The basic knowledge of propelling motors with fuel is fundamental in the design of motor vehicle among other machines that operate on motion and movable gears. Mechanical engineering aided the discovery of effective means of turning fossil fuel into heat energy thus operating the machines of the basic principles of mechanical engineering (James, 1987). The principles include mechanics, kinematics and thermodynamics among many others. The principles incorporate the use of heat to propel gears and levers to facilitate the movement of specific parts of the machines thus resulting in the movement of the entire machines as in the case of cars, ships and airpl

Strengths and Weaknesses of a Theoretical Framework Centered on Term Paper

Strengths and Weaknesses of a Theoretical Framework Centered on Universal Notion of Gender - Term Paper Example Because of the situations presented to them by such a framework, members of the same gender learn to love and help each other in the society. For example, men may learn to work together and help each other as they strive for financial resources to help their families. On the other hand, women also learn to help each other in carrying out household chores. A theoretical framework that is centered on universal notion of gender has strength of helping the society maintain law and order. Once a belief concerning a certain gender becomes universally known, those concerned, that specific gender, tends to abide by what that theory states. Women for example naturally respected men and effectively take care of the family. In this case, gender roles in the society are strictly observed thus maintaining law and order. From birth, each child learns what is expected from him or her in the society. If such children learn that, that is what is universally expected of them, or that is their status in the society, they easily accept and practice it. In most western countries, though women are engaging themselves in professional jobs, they still uphold the universal believe that they are their family’s caregivers. Therefore, they ensure, at all costs, that they observe their roles at home as expected. After work, they go home to take care of chi ldren and cook for the family as men go out to enjoy themselves in bars. The weaknesses of a theoretical framework that is built on universal notion of gender include gender discrimination. In this case, if a certain gender, male or female, is universality viewed as weak, for example females, such a gender will be discriminated universally in every society because such a notion is usually believed to be a fact. The other weakness of a theoretical framework that is built around the notion of gender is that, it hinders self expression and individual strengths. In this case, individuals may fear to come out publicly and express themselves because of fear of the way the society might perceive them. For example, the African woman is believed to be inferior to the man, and is only supposed to care for the family. Such a woman may hardly express herself, and interests in the society, especially political ambitions. In Africa, women rarely stand out in the society for political or education al reasons because they can rarely succeed as almost everyone believes that that is not their role because of gender. Domestic labor among girl children has also had a negative impact on school performance among girls. They are expected to help their mothers as they learn the roles of motherhood instead of fully concentrating on education. Kinship and the Understanding of Gender Kinship is the study of links between different people that is based on descent, adoption or marriage (Vigdis, n. d.). Kinship has been a domain of definition in anthropological investigations since it was incepted in the late 19th century. Major paradigmatic changes in anthropology like feminism, cultural turn and political economy made kinship to undergo many restructuring phases. Detailed complexities in the system of kinship were considered important in the understanding of societies that were not from the west. Anthropological studies of kinship have been used to help in the understanding of gender as w ell as new forms of family, genetic development, lesbian and gay movements. In anthropological history, kinship is seen like a social institution

Taxation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation - Coursework Example There are many reasons why taxation is practiced by the government in any country. One of the main reasons is to pay expenditures for the government. The expenditures includes, paying for the public expenditures that happen in the daily life like cleaning the environment and maintenance of the cities. All this is managed by the government and catered for by the revenues the citizens are taxed. The country may lack enough revenues and decide to borrow which is not a secure act. It is good for the country to maintain its economy by using more of the taxation money for such expenses in order to avoid dangers like inflation. By doing so, the public goods produced in the country and the merits can be well be provided from the taxation fee than borrowing the fee from outside country which may affect the country very heavily. The current UK budget can clearly show how the taxation is utilized by introducing austerity measures which raise the VAT and cut the costs of the public services. Rec ently, billions of cash was cut from the budget of the new coalition government of the UK. All the departments except the health and oversee aid cut their spending to over 25 percent where by it created a chance of making 750, 000 new jobs (Finney 2005). This looks because the government has created new job opportunities in the country. Another reason for taxation is for the government to correct the market failure. The government has the right to intervene into the individual markets in the country to govern them and correct them by lowering or raising their taxes. This is majorly to increase or decrease the demand of the goods and services. The demand of demerits goods such as cigarette can be reduced by increasing its taxes. This is for the better of the country by discouraging the citizens not to be taking the cigarettes and polluting the environment. On the other hand, products like books and educational goods can be exempted from raising the taxes and

Assignment 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Coursework Example b. Bridget should first of all arrive at a figure as per her limited income as to the maximum amount she can spend on food. Next, she must determine the various amounts of utility derived from wine and cheese at various levels of consumption units. This will give requisite information as to the levels of consumption for both wine and cheese, where the marginal utility per dollar spent for both will be equal. This will give the combination of utility maximizing quantities. Applied problem 1.As per the given problem (Thomas & Maurice, 2011, pp. 204-232), USA today does not agree with the analyst that a raise in unit price of the paper from 50 to 75 cents will bring in an additional $65 million revenue. In this case, the analyst is assuming that the demand for paper is relatively inelastic and increasing price will not cause the sales of copies to drop. However, the USA today itself, citing the example of Wall street Journal, rejects this observation. It does so based on the observation that the sales of wall street journal dropped sharply after an increase in the price per unit. In doing so, the paper assumes that Price elasticity of demand for the paper is the same as that of Wall street journal. In doing so, it implicitly assumes that the demand for the paper is highly price elastic. Applied problem 1.As per the given problem (Thomas & Maurice, 2011, pp. 243-276) , the Wilpen company, is a price setting firm, which estimates its U.S. demand for Tennis balls using the following linear equation: Where, Q is the number of cans of Tennis Balls sold quarterly, P is the wholesale price of a can of tennis balls, M is the consumers’ average household income and Pr is the average price of tennis Rackets. Based on the given information, a. The Parameter a, which is the Y intercept for the regression line for the function. As per the computer output given, the value of

Biometrics in the Private Sector(472) Research Paper

Biometrics in the Private Sector(472) - Research Paper Example This system offers plenty of benefits if incorporated in hospital administration. Firstly, it helps ease the workload in busy check-in areas where patients are made to provide a lot of information. The beauty of this system is that a simple hand scanning provides the hospital authorities with all the previous medical history of the patient. The BayCare Hospital Group uses the Patient Security Identity System in its all hospitals to identify the patients. In the opinion of Greene (2008), this is much more accurate than using numbers and names to search for patient records. For example, names may have different spellings but this unique system avoids such chances of misidentification. In addition, in some cases of emergency where the patient is unconscious and unable to provide the health care providers enough information about their identity and medical history, this hand reading can offer the history of past medications and health conditions. Thirdly, this is a useful strategy in cut ting down the chances of fraud Greene, 2008). To illustrate, there are cases in which patients use the name and insurance of other people illegally. However, this system prevents them from escaping identification. However, one has to admit the fact that there are serious issues associated with the collection, storage, and use of biometric information. For example, according to Abernathy & Tien (2003), the information collected may be subjected to function creep, which means the data collected is used for purposes other than the ones consented at the time of collection. For example, it is possible to use the medical history of a person to deny future medical insurance coverage, identifying the possible future susceptibility to certain fatal illnesses. Secondly, there are Radio Frequency Identification chips which enable someone to read this information anonymously, even from a distance of 20 meters (Abernathy & Tien, 2003). The risk of

Assignment 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Coursework Example b. Bridget should first of all arrive at a figure as per her limited income as to the maximum amount she can spend on food. Next, she must determine the various amounts of utility derived from wine and cheese at various levels of consumption units. This will give requisite information as to the levels of consumption for both wine and cheese, where the marginal utility per dollar spent for both will be equal. This will give the combination of utility maximizing quantities. Applied problem 1.As per the given problem (Thomas & Maurice, 2011, pp. 204-232), USA today does not agree with the analyst that a raise in unit price of the paper from 50 to 75 cents will bring in an additional $65 million revenue. In this case, the analyst is assuming that the demand for paper is relatively inelastic and increasing price will not cause the sales of copies to drop. However, the USA today itself, citing the example of Wall street Journal, rejects this observation. It does so based on the observation that the sales of wall street journal dropped sharply after an increase in the price per unit. In doing so, the paper assumes that Price elasticity of demand for the paper is the same as that of Wall street journal. In doing so, it implicitly assumes that the demand for the paper is highly price elastic. Applied problem 1.As per the given problem (Thomas & Maurice, 2011, pp. 243-276) , the Wilpen company, is a price setting firm, which estimates its U.S. demand for Tennis balls using the following linear equation: Where, Q is the number of cans of Tennis Balls sold quarterly, P is the wholesale price of a can of tennis balls, M is the consumers’ average household income and Pr is the average price of tennis Rackets. Based on the given information, a. The Parameter a, which is the Y intercept for the regression line for the function. As per the computer output given, the value of

Learning Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Learning Journal - Assignment Example Being a foreigner from Saudi Arabia, I spent a considerable amount of time trying to adapt to the new environment both academically and socially. Despite all these challenges, I managed to come through and the reflective journal presented me with an opportunity to take account of the events that shaped my first one year in the university as a master’s student. It provided me with an opportunity to note down my history so that I could learn from it as it is normally said that if you do not learn from your history, it repeats itself. It was the tips that made me recognize the value of learning journal that it is a means to keep tract of one’s academic progress. It presents one with a chance to maintain course, change course or start all over again with respect to learning. I realized how I could be able to reject habits that did not contribute towards y academic and constructive social objectives. Orientation week: brief overview of the key events My life in the universit y in Canada started on a rather low note because I had neither friend nor a relative in the country. The process of making up new friends with diverse cultural background was a daunting task. The orientation process was conducted successfully but personally, I did not gain much because everything was new and strange. However, it was conducted normally and we were taken through the entire institution’s infrastructure, learning resources, recreational facilities, services, programs and other important details. I think the process of orientation should have been more at least two weeks because for foreign students like me, one week was not enough to start the life around a mix of native and foreign students from all over the globe. In fact, not to me alone, the first few weeks of learning is awfully strange because people are not very free with each other. Almost all students share very little for nearly the entire semester. Learning process is also very slow because students sp end time trying to reach out for each other and to accommodate each other’s cultural background (Michael, 2010, pp. 97-123). After a week of orientation, the class sessions begin almost immediately. A number of students still found difficulty in finding their way around in the institution because of slow mastery of the new environment. I did get lost on several occasions and being reserved, it was difficult to even ask. Apart from student’s life, the most affected of all is the learning process that picked up very slowly because of the mix of diverse cultural background, fear, shyness and new order of process (Heike & Helen, 2013, pp. 17-30). Foreign students such as me are affected the most because native students easily understand every process and entire institution. However, I must say I benefitted a lot from interactive forums that were organized to try to break the uneasiness among the students and to start normal socialization process that makes the society of t he institution lively. These forums fostered understanding and opened up students to try to get to each other and regard one another naturally. Learning process begun when these forums were initiated but, according to me, the learning process begun after these forums. Training on leadership The sweet dream of pursuing master’s degree in business in Canada was first marred by social challenges that I came to

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Religion †¢ Gender †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Age †¢ Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Gender |Not good enough (women) |Too controlling (Men) |Lazy workers (Women) | |Age |Lacks concentration and focus |Lacks professionalism (younger) |Want more money for less work just| | |(younger) | |because of their age. (older) | |Race | Criminals |Lacks education |Doesn’t work hard but gets more | | | | |money. | Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? There are a few positive aspects of stereotypes. Positive ones are not the ones that come to our head first. Positive aspects of stereotypes include thoughts of a boss when interviewing a potential candidate for a position. For example, an article by Shelly Barclay on life123. com gives ways that positive aspects are used even though we don’t quite see when we use them. She stated that â€Å"Asians are good at math† In my high school days I learned that this was true. I had Asian friends that would help me with my math all the time. This can definitely benefit an Asian for a great job opportunity. (Barclay, 2013) What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? The negative aspects of stereotypes could affect you because you could be wrong in certain situations. Majority of the time we are. One stereotype for African Americans is that they are all trouble and the black men are mostly criminals. This isn’t true, but it is a popular stereotype for African Americans. We as humans tend to let the words that have been â€Å"put into our heads† slowly become facts. Negative stereotypes can cause you to miss out on making a good friend or even a good business decision. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. According to the online dictionary, (thefreedictionary.com) prejudice means an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. An example of the famous quote â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover. † Being prejudice is having a negative attitude towards an entire group of people according to the text in chapter 2 of the EBook. (Company, 2000) Stereotyping is basically just your personal opinion on someone or something based off just want you believe. This can be towards race, gender, age, ethnicity, and religion. For example, people say â€Å"blondes are stupid† this isn’t true. It’s just another way of people separating types of women. Another example for stereotypes is when people say â€Å"Americans are friendly† this is a nice stereotype, and then again it’s not a true for all. What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The similarities between stereotyping and prejudice is that they are both personal opinions of what you may think of someone by race, religion, age, gender, ethnicity, and even a disability. They are not known facts or proven statements. They are both things that you do or say to judge a person or put them into â€Å"groups† in your mind. Being prejudice is just a lot worse than developing a stereotype towards people. What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? I’m not sure if much can be done at all, but just starting to talk differently and keeping personal opinions to ourselves. We need to start by teaching our children the positive ways of life and not to judge people. We should tell teach them to love everyone and pray for our future. Basically, just become a positive example for the younger generation so that they will pick up what’s positive and let go of the entire negative ways slowly, but surely.

Quantitative Chemical Analysis

Quantitative Chemical Analysis Quantitative chemical analysis, which is commonly referred to as stoichiometry, is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and the products in a balanced chemical equation. The term stoichiometry is a combination of two words derived from the Greek language: stoicheion (meaning element) and metron (meaning measure). Stoichiometric calculations are dependent upon the law of conservation of mass which states that all matter cannot be created nor destroyed, thus in any chemical reaction that occurs in a closed system the mass of the products is equivalent to the mass of the reactants. Due to such laws of nature, a chemical equation must be balanced in order for the amounts to remain equivalent following the reaction (Chemical Stoichiometry). The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation represent the ratio between the particles in a perfect reaction, where all the particles in a chemical experiment will react. These ratios are also classified as the stoichiometric or mola r ratio, which can be compared between any of the compounds in a reaction, which includes both reactants and products. These ratios can be used interchangeably for any particle in stoichiometric calculations because moles simply represent a specific amount of particles, thus the molar ratio within the equation is the proportional relation of each element or compound to one another. Stoichiometry is also useful when calculating mass ratios because if the mass of any substance in a reaction is known, the mass of any other substance can be calculated (â€Å"Reaction Stoichiometry†). Stoichiometric calculations are very important in real life applications because having the accurate proportions of any item is important when limited amounts of a certain reactant is present, which is useful to reduce cost and waste. Additionally, stoichiometry is significant in the field of chemistry as chemical calculations can be used to prevent overdose since many chemicals may be toxic in inade quate amounts. An example of an everyday stoichiometric calculation can be displayed through the act of making a smore. Two crackers, one marshmallow, and three chocolate squares must be used to formulate an entire smore (as show in figure 1). One can only be formed if exact amounts of each ingredient is used. However if only 1 cracker is available, a smore could no longer be formed. Figure 1. Stoichiometry is most commonly used when one reactant completely reacts with the other in a chemical reaction. These absolute amounts are called theoretical yield. On the other hand, when performing a lab, the reactants will not be in perfect stoichiometric amounts because of potential errors that occur during an experiment. Therefore the actual yield of an experiment may not correspond to the theoretical yield. In order to find the percent yield, the theoretical yield must be divided by the actual yield and multiplied by one hundred. Examples of errors that may result in loss of yield include temperature, surface area, pressure, medium, the purity of the reactants, procedural mistakes, poor technique, lab accidents, or miscalculations (Theoretical and Percent Yield). As well, competing reactions can also contribute to the loss of yield. These reactions occur at the same time as the initial reaction, and consequently use the compounds and element in the initial reactions. Due to the many factors can contribute to the amount of yield lost, it is important that their effects are considered once performing the experiment. In stoichiometric calculations there will most often be leftover reactants causing a short supply, due to the imperfect quantities of each reactant due to the potential errors or an insufficient amount of a reactant. In an equation that is not in a perfect stoichiometric ratio, a limiting and excess reactant will always be present. The limiting reactant is the one that forms the smaller amount of product, thus stopping and limiting the reaction after it is completely consumed. While, the excess reactant is the one that is leftover after the reaction is stopped by the limiting reactant (Chemical Stoichiometry). Using the smore as an example, if an insufficient amount of ingredients are present than a smore cannot be formed. If there are four crackers, one marshmallow, but only five pieces of chocolate squares, only one smore will be assembled instead of two. Hence, in this scenario the chocolate squares would be the limiting reactant. Even though the chocolate squares represent the la rgest number of ingredient, an inadequate amount is present therefore the rest of the ingredients will appear in excess. It is important to always use the limiting reactant to determine the final product. If an excess reactant is used, there would not be enough of the limiting reactant to create the product. In addition, it is not possible to determine the limiting reactant instantly from the masses given, since stoichiometry is in proportions by moles. The mass of each compound cannot be compared because the molecular weight of each compound is different. Nevertheless, compounds can be compared by moles since molecules react on a molecular level which makes the amount consistent throughout the chemical equation. For example, the amount of one mole of hydrogen is equivalent to one mole of carbon, although one mole of hydrogen weighs 1.01 grams while a mole of carbon weighs 12.01g. Therefore, in all standard stoichiometric calculations any measurement must first be converted into mol es in order to be compared to another (MOLS, PERCENTS, and STOICHIOMETRY). The purpose of the lab performed is to produce two grams of copper through a single displacement reaction between Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate and solid Aluminum. When determining whether a single displacement reaction will take place, the activity series (See Apendix _) must be considered. Given that Aluminum is higher on the activity series than copper, meaning that it is more reactive, the Aluminum will begin to bond with the chlorine, thus replacing the Copper in the Copper (II) Chloride compound. This would result in the Copper (II) Chloride compound to break apart, creating solid Copper and Aluminum Chloride solution. Another factor that must be considered when performing a single displacement reaction, is that the compound must be changed into an aqueous solution, in which the element would then be placed. Consequently, Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate must be dissolved in water when creating an aqueous solution. An exact amount of 4.23 grams of aqueous Copper (II) Chloride an d as well as 0.566 grams of Aluminum must be used in order for a perfect reaction to occur, which was established through stoichiometric calculations (See Apendix _). However, this experiment required Aluminum to act as the excess reactant, therefore 1 gram of Aluminum was obtained instead of 0.566 grams. Additionally, since only Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate is available, and the anhydrous form was used in the balanced chemical equation, the amount of the hydrous form must be found in order to identify how much must be utilized. Through stoichiometric calculations (See Appendix _), 5.36 grams of Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate would need to be acquired for a perfect reaction to take place. Although, since lab data is not generally accurate due to procedural inaccuracies, the actual yield obtained during the trial may not correspond to the theoretical yield, which was determined using the stoichiometric calculations. Without error exactly two grams would be produced, however an oxid ization process will occur which will consequently add on additional weight to the solid copper product. Due to oxidization and as well the possibility of not being able to remove excess aluminum from the product, the estimated yield percent would most likely be over 100%, but may be balanced out if any errors in the process of the trial take place. WORK CITED Source: Boundless. â€Å"Reaction Stoichiometry.†Boundless Chemistry. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014. Retrieved 18 Apr. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/chemical-kinetics-13/reaction-rates-98/reaction-stoichiometry-414-3637/ http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/stoichio.html http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/quantchem/thtclandpctyld.html http://www.chemtutor.com/mols.htm

Planning and Strategy Essay -- Business, Planning

In any retail operation or company, planning is a very important factor for the success of any endeavor in that it involves the actual anticipation and organization of what needs to be done and how it should be done to reach an objective.(Retailing, pg.40) Strategic planning involves a company or firm to adapt its resources to the actual opportunities and possible threats of the ever-changing retail environment, and, if used properly, a good strategic plan can help retailers achieve and maintain a beneficial balance of its resources and possible opportunities to come. There are, in fact, four major components in proper strategic planning that could assists any retailing company in achieving their goals which are to develop a mission statement, define specific goals and/or objectives, identification and analysis, and to develop a basic strategy. (Retailing, pg.42) I aim to determine, analyze, and document how a fast-paced, up-and-coming retail establishment by the name of Citi Tren ds, which is a fast-growing, value-priced retailer of urban-style fashion accessories and apparel chain store for today’s urban families, implements these particular strategic planning techniques into their operations management and business objectives. Citi Trend’s mission statement is as follows, â€Å"Citi Trends is the go-to place for incredibly low-priced, real urban brands and urban-style fashion for the whole family. You'll find Rocawear, Apple Bottoms, Coogi, Dereon, Akademiks, Mecca, Baby Phat, Ed Hardy and more for up to 60% off mall prices. As of this minute, we have over 480 stores in 27 states. As of May 2005 Citi Trends became a publicly traded company on the Nasdaq exchange with the symbol CTRN. Citi Trends' headquarters are located in hi... ...ring that their customers gain efficient circulation through their merchandise. (Retailing, pg.498) This type of environment is ideal for Citi Trends in that it provokes customers to wish to browse, and Citi Trends has strategically placed signs to provide its customers with cues as to where each department begins and ends. Citi Trends has been in the apparel retail business for over 58 years now with over 480 stores operating throughout 27 states in the United States. They have proven that they know how to adapt resources to their opportunities and are aware of and handle any and all possible threats to its company’s objectives. With their good strategic plan they were able to adapt to an ever changing retail environment to be able to achieve and maintain a certain balance of its resources; thus positioning themselves for accelerated and profitable growth.

My Trip On The Ganges River :: essays research papers

My Trip on the Ganges River About 2 weeks ago I went on an exciting trip along the Ganges River. In this letter I'll tell you all about it. It turns out that the Ganges has its beginning in an ice cave 10,300 feet above sea level in the snow-covered Himalayan Mountains of northern India. From there, the river flows towards the southeast and goes through East Pakistan, for about 1,557 miles. Ganges River then empties into the Bay of Bengal. Several tributary rivers, including the Jumna, Rmganga, Gumti, Gogra, Son, and Kusi also add to the waters of the Ganges. As I was going past the Bay of Bengal I noticed some people with severe sicknesses and crippled bathing in the Ganges River. My guide told me that to Indians, Ganges River is sacred and people believe that the touch of its water will cure some diseases. I was shocked to find out that people even go to that river to die in hope that they will go to paradise. I should point out that the river is only sacred to Hindus. It was interesting to find out that each year, thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit such holy cities as Benares and Allahabad along the banks of the Ganges. They go there just to bathe in the river and to take home some of its water. The Ganges River is so important to the Indians that they call it "Ganga Mata" or Mother Ganges. It is also the greatest waterway in India and one of the largest in the world. Temples line the riverbank, and stairways, called ghats, lead down to the water. I am enclosing one of the pictures I took of the Ganges River. The river is an important trade place. Its valley is fertile and densely populated. Some of India's largest cities like Calcutta, Howrah, Patna, Benares, Allahabad, and Cawnpore are located on the river. India's capital, New Delhi, is on one of its tributaries, the Jumna. The Ganges River however, isn't as

Making a Hero

A hero and heroic journeys are the most important elements of Ancient mythology, and the Odyssey by Homer as an example of such epics. Joseph Campbell identifies three main stages of the hero’s journey found in monomyths: Separation, Initiation and Return. In the Odyssey, the main hero goes through these stages in order to prove and test his courage and heroism. Thesis Through physical journeys and trials, his personality changes for the better: while ‘initiation’ tests his psychical and psychological strength, separation and return reflect his personal qualities and new values. In contrast to traditional model proposed by Joseph Campbell, the Odyssey follows a parallel construction: readers know about his return and separation simultaneously. The first stage, separation, begins twenty years prior to the events depicted in the Odyssey. Readers know about Odyssey’s departure and causes of this separation through memories of Odyssey and other characters. The main difference is that Homer tells about separation through memories and isolated stories. Only in Book XVI, Homer describes the separation: â€Å"it is such a long time ago that I / can hardly say. Twenty years are come and gone since he left my / home, and went elsewhither† (Homer, Book XVI). This quote is very important because it tells readers about the past and helps Penelope to recollect events. Penelope is sure that Ulysses is â€Å"laid before her† (Homer). The most important is that the story about separation coincides with ‘return’ of the hero and his moral development. The rest of the story (the return) describes his new qualities and values developed during initiation from the psychological point of view. The second stage, initiation, consists of several trials and battles which show courage and enormous physical strength of Odyssey. The main trials include: the encounter with the Cicones, several years spent in Calypso’s cave; the battle with the Cyclops and the encounter with the Sirens show that only. The first encounters show his physical strength while the second ones test his psychological qualities. â€Å"Odysseus then you are, o great contender, of whom the glittering god with the golden wand / spoke to me ever, and foretold /the black swift ship would carry you from Troy† (Homer, Book X). This remark tells readers that his journey is not over and he needs great courage and bravery to overcome all difficult situations and eternal evil. It is possible to make certain distinctions between two stages of personal development (separation and return): for instance, fresh strong feeling in Odyssey hero is a different thing from the mass strong feeling in the people; or that some types and manifestations of feeling are gross self-indulgence and are not at all the thing they appear to be; or that an appearance of strong feeling may be only a mask hiding some weakness or other. Physical sufferings and trials have changed his personality and world views. At the stage of return, Homer does not tell about low morals of Odyssey and his habits, but describes him as a real hero who returns home. He inherits his honesty. In his love for women he shows that he has none of snobbery. At the end, the main hero is depicted as a keeper of law and traditions of the society. Also, Homer shows that it is dangerous thing to forget about human dignity and human code of ethics. â€Å"'The royal pair mingled in love again and afterward lay revelling in stories. / †¦ Odysseus told of what hard blows he had dealt to others and of what blows he had taken-all that story† (Homer, Book XXIII). This remark shows that after Initiation, Odyssey is a loving husband and father, fair ruler and son. At this stage, Odyssey combines the moral and social qualities of an ideal hero. In sum, the remarkable feature of the Odyssey is a cyclical structure of the Hero’s journey based on physical and psychological development of the main character.   Using a cyclical structure, Homer compares and contrasts the qualities of two different characters: Odyssey before and after the initiation stage. The inferences in the paper are important because they help to identify and analyze the main elements of the text, and then synthesize and summarize the main findings of the analysis. Works Cited Page Homer. The Odyssey. N.d. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext99/dyssy10.txt

My Nursing Philosophy

As I sit here pondering how I would communicate my values and beliefs, I think of my current job as a personal trainer, similar to nursing, on a daily basis I help individuals with their personal health both inside and out. In my job there is no room for my values or beliefs, just facts, education and being a good listener. I believe the day I become a nurse the only â€Å"values and beliefs† that I will need are those contained in the oath I take the day I become a nurse, and those legally expressed in my Nurse Practice Act. Injecting my beliefs into my practice as a nurse will most likely violate my oath and responsibilities to my patientsMy Nursing Philosophy By Christina Rivera Professional Issues NU 116 Maria Prior As I sit here pondering how I would communicate my values and beliefs, I think of my current job as a personal trainer, similar to nursing, on a daily basis I help individuals with their personal health both inside and out. In my job there is no room for my val ues or beliefs, just facts, education and being a good listener. I believe the day I become a nurse the only â€Å"values and beliefs† that I will need are those contained in the oath I take the day I become a nurse, and those legally expressed in my Nurse Practice Act.Injecting my beliefs into my practice as a nurse will most likely violate my oath and responsibilities to my patients. While I hold true to my values and beliefs when it comes to nursing, I strongly believe that putting peoples basic needs at the top the priority list when it comes to nursing is what separates good nurses from great nurses. I believe that a nurse should always act in a professional manner and act in accordance within the scope of practice. Nurses should possess qualities such as; Empathy and being able to identify with others; be caring, compassionate and committed. A urse should be ethical and non-judgmental, be honest, confident and trustworthy. Being physically fit is important, as the job i s very demanding. Last but not least a good nurse should also be an advocate for their patients and have their best interests at heart, be a good listener and communicator. My personal definitions of client, health, environment and nursing are: A client is a person with needs, whether it is medical, physical, psychological, or self-esteem. It is a nurse’s duty to make sure each person feels they have received the best health care and feel like a human being.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the definition of health â€Å" is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†. To me health is all relative to the well being of the body. This not only includes the physical but the mental as well. Health is not only when you are sick, but also having your physical and mental health being is a good stable condition. My definition of environment does not just describe the physical area where a perso n lives; it also includes the individual emotions and thoughts.It will be my duty as a nurse to be positive with all services, and to include family and friends whom are close to the individual regarding their health. Nursing is someone who cares for people who are sick in every way and sometimes all a person needs is someone to talk to. A nurse does not only help individuals, they also help families achieve health and prevent disease. A scientific definition of nursing is â€Å"observes, assesses, and records symptoms, reactions and progress of patients†. My personal nursing philosophy is I believe it is beneficial to the patient to be treated as an uman being rather than just another patient. Allowing the patient to feel that the nurse really care about their feelings and overall health. People are at their most vulnerable state when in a hospital or nursing home, this is the time for the nurse to be reassuring and make the individual feel as comfortable as possible is one the most important aspects of nursing. References Definition of World Health Organization, Retrieved Feb 06, 2012 from http://apps. who. int/aboutwho/en/definition. html. Scientific definition of Nursing from Wiki pedia, Retrieved Feb 06, 2012 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/nursing

The Breakup of the Eurozone is inevitable within the next five years Essay

The Breakup of the Eurozone is inevitable within the next five years. Discuss - Essay Example Countries in the Euro zone are restrained from pursuing their self- interest by mutually respecting each other’s sovereignty and independence rights. However, Euro zone must adhered to EMU operating principles. Good governance must be practice at all transactions to avoid future crisis2. January 1, 1999 saw the official launch of the Economic and Monitory Union (EMU). On that day, eleven European countries joined the EMU and five more followed suit years later. Now, EMU is comprised of sixteen member European countries. The first to join were Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Ireland, Italy, Finland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Luxembourg, and Spain. Greece followed in 2001, then Slovenia in 2007 while Cyprus and Malta joined in 2008. The last to join was Slovakia in 2009. EMU countries adopted Euro as a single currency for transaction purposes. The chief reasons that lead to EMU were mainly to stabilize prices, macroeconomic environment, banking system, financial markets as well as increase trade competitiveness and boost flexibility in the member countries3. Before and after the official launch, different people had different views concerning the sustainability of the Euro Zone especially on areas of viability and desirability. Supporters of EMU claimed that commo n currency has the potential to improve trade, attract more foreign direct investment, stabilize wages and enhance business strategies of member countries. On the contrary, they are opponents who predict that Euro zone is heading for a disaster4. They pegged their arguments on the premise that countries in the Euro Zone are diverse and put individual interest forward at the expense of the EMU. There are benefits and costs associated with Economic and Monitory Union. If costs are more than benefits, EMU may not survive in future and if vice versa, union will endure the test of time. The first advantage is that common currency reduces costs

The Relationship Between Politics and Economics Essay

The Relationship Between Politics and Economics - Essay Example Political systems would not have the money or means to decide without the economic systems. For example, the American political system would not have money or means without taxation on the American economic system. The American economic system would not function well without laws passed by the American political system. Thus both of the entities are intertwined by the essence surrounding both systems. The problems occur when production, distribution, and consumption is not managed through proper laws. An example would be the current American banking crisis. Uneven distribution of credit allowed too much consumption without enough production of real money. Banks would loan $100,000 to people that could not afford the mortgage. Then the banks would foreclose. However, banks then became property poor, with no real monetary value. Without proper laws for the balance of production, distribution, and consumption the whole system can crash. That is why there must be a separation between the two systems. So checks and balance system can be in order. The economic system called feudalism is related to the Middle Age economic system. This system included lords, vassals, and fiefs. The lords are possessors of land. Vassals are works of the land. Fiefs are the land or farms. For this system to work, goods were produced for lords by vassals through fiefs allotted them to work. There was little or no money. Goods, livestock, and services were provided by the workers for their bosses on the boss’ land. The feudalism economic system survived until a few factors changed. The Renaissance, the decrease of the profession of being a soldier, and the Industrial Revolution created the decline of feudalism. Each of this reason chipped away at the feudalism economic system.

ASSESSMENT This module is assessed through One Literature Review (3500 Essay

ASSESSMENT This module is assessed through One Literature Review (3500 words) which you must submit electronically Submit - Essay Example The banner of ‘Islamic world’ and its homogeneity is represented by discursive practices and not by diversity of geographical boundaries, politics, history, language as well as broader contexts of material life. Various sources including new orthodoxy in government circles as well as mass media represents Islam as an ‘exceptional’ case making Muslims to be detached racialized and essentialised (Hunt, 2002). The veil is considered as an Islamist attire symbolizing loyalty to the religion and analogous to swastika used by Nazism. The argument over Muslim women’s clothing has led to emerging political battles. However, wearing the veil is considered part of the agenda of Islamic fundamentalism ( Modood, 2009 ). According to the article the veil is barbaric symbol which have been fought years past but still presents symbol of inequality and lack of freedom for women. The veil amongst other issues is considered to hide various women characteristics, virtue and status, for instance it could hide a loving mother as well as truly religious woman. There is some level of difficulty in differentiating which of the women hidden in veil represent genuine Islam. Linking the veil to Islamic fundamentalism of ‘child marriage’ and ‘murder’ represents it as a symbol of barbarism as discussed above (de Castro, 2004). This has been considered as contributing towards larger percentage of Islamophobic atmosphere which links veiling to illegal activities which in actual sense are far away from the truth. According to this article, the veil is compared to balaclava normally used by armed robber or a mugger. This is because both outfits shield identities of the wearer. In the same instance, the veil is considered as key signifier of Islam especially in ‘war against terror’ where it is constructed in the imagery of intruding violent threat. The attire has also been used in constructing public discourse which links I slamic religion to political questions on violence affecting regions such as United States and United Kingdom. The picture of veiled woman is sympathetically constructed as victim of extremism within the society. This was even used as key justification for the bombing of Afghanistan and Iraq, since the countries were considered as exercising disregard for the plight of Afghan women. Oppressive regime of Taliban equates veiling with tyranny hence considered as part of enemy’s territory. Werbner, P. (2007) ‘Veiled Interventions in Pure Space: Honor Shame and Embodied Struggles among Muslims in Britain and France’ in Theory Culture and Society, 24(2) pp. 161-186 According to the article various theoretical bases of state and law have been enacted as a recognized means of handling differences in human behavior as portrayed by religious dogmas. Basically, the kind of faith predominant in an area is as a result of strong traditional, cultural and political features as presented by occupants. However, the natural law identifies certain human objective values and demands as the basis for legal systems within regions. According to doctrine of natural law, various important components of traditional and cultural behavior are considered as having strong influence on human rights. Conversely, religion is considered as specific cultural form capable of

Essential question #4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essential question #4 - Assignment Example Secondly, assessment also provides a continual feedback in how the students are able to actively retrieve information to facilitate learning that is long lasting. Standardized assessments are therefore necessary because they make students develop performance related goals. As the students get assessed, they are able to get motivated by their earned grades, the rankings as well as intrinsic rewards that result from assessment. These assessments deepen the students’ memory for the assessed materials. As such it enables better performance of students. Additionally, assessment provides the students with significant challenge which makes them work harder to improve their learning as well as playing to a student’s strength. According to Shaw, (2014) when a school is said to be doing well, the following is implied: the students are gaining new levels of understanding each time. â€Å"The hope is to help students gain expertise much like musicians improve with repeated guided practice†, John Bransford. Thus students expertise can be measured and progress shown. Secondly the students are buying in on what they are instructed. As such they are gaining knowledge. â€Å"The greater understanding, is so much more enriching than having a lecture and regurgitating information.† Sandomirsky. This implies that there is increased understanding of the curriculum and as such the students are getting gainful knowledge. Eisner, (2012) outlines; A school is thus said to be doing well when they ensure accountability as well as be flexible so that it leaves no child behind in the learning process. Additionally the school needs to have a rationalized approach dependent on easily quantifiable standards. Thus the purpose of a school assessment can be understood in various levels as follows: formative assessment will enable the teachers know how the students learn best. As such ideas are

Market Entry Strategies for a Fast Food Company Essay

Market Entry Strategies for a Fast Food Company - Essay Example However, studies shows that the importance of taking into consideration the context of market entry constituted by the host countries’ institutions. The institutional context involves both informal institutions such as norms and culture and formal institutions such as laws and regulations. Collectively these institutions formulate the â€Å"rules of the game† in society, thereby constraining and enabling firm behavior and foreign market entry strategies. However, entry to a foreign market comes at a cost due to challenges posed by the institutional contexts of emerging market, which are often less familiar to developed country firms, weaker and less market-supporting and less stable. The four most common modes of foreign market entry are licensing/franchising, exporting, and joint venture and Greenfield acquisitions. Therefore, this paper will analyze McDonald’s market expansion for its products in the emerging market of China. The paper will consist of two secti ons: the first section will be a market analysis of China and the second section will be an exploration of potential market entry strategies by McDonalds. Market AnalysisGeneral InformationThe People’s Republic of China has a total land area of approximately 9,596,960 square kilometers. It is considered the third largest country in the world after Russia and Canada. It has a coastline of approximately 14,500 kilometers. China is situated in eastern Asia to the West of Yellow Sea, Korea Bay, East China Sea, and South China Sea.

Topics Essay Example for Free

Topics Essay 1. Consider this situation: Alf and Bob rented a motel room. The room was rented under Alf’s name, and Alf paid for the first day’s rent; the second day’s rent was paid by Bob, and the third day’s rent was not paid. The motel manager, finding the appearance of his guests suspicious (long hair, colorful clothes, general air of disreputability), informed the police that he suspected them of being drug-users. The police raided the motel room on the third day and discovered Alf (but not Bob) asleep, and found considerable quantities of drugs and drug paraphernalia scattered about the room. They arrested Alf. Alf said that the drugs did not belong to him but to Bob (who was nowhere to be found), and that although he knew that Bob possessed and used marijuana, he himself never did. Alf was prosecuted for illegal possession of drugs (which happens to be a criminal offence). The question falls into three parts. Answer all of them. a) If you were prosecuting Alf, what arguments would you use to convince the court that the act-requirement had been satisfied in this case? b) If you were defending Alf, what arguments would you use to convince the court that the act-requirement had not been satisfied in this case? c) If you were the judge, what would your decision be regarding this issue? Give reasons for your answer. 2. Consider this situation: Charlie is drowning in a swimming-pool. Standing around him, not doing anything to rescue him, are the following persons, all of whom are strong swimmers: (i) Derek, who is the lifeguard on duty, (ii) Edwin, who is Charlie’s twin brother, (iii) Frederick, who is an off-duty policeman, (iv) Gavin, who had stumbled upon Charlie’s untied shoelaces, and, in trying to keep himself from falling, accidentally pushed Charlie into the pool; and, (v) Harvey, a man who had long intended to kill Charlie, who happened to be passing by the pool when he saw Charlie drowning, and stopped to watch. The question falls into two parts. Answer both of them. a) Which of these five witnesses to Charlie’s death should be held criminally liable for failing to rescue Charlie and which of them should not? Provide reasons to justify your answer. b) Would it make any difference to your answer if Charlie happened to a paraplegic confined to a wheelchair? If so, why, and if not, why not? 3. Consider this situation: Irvin and his girlfriend Jennie get drunk in their apartment and begin to quarrel. Jennie threatens to beat Irvin on the head repeatedly with a heavy cast-iron saucepan. Irvin, knowing that Jennie is fully capable of doing this, flees from his apartment and into the street. A policeman finds him running down the street screaming, and takes him into custody. Irvin is prosecuted for being drunk and disorderly in a public place, which happens to be a criminal offence. The question falls into three parts. a) If you were prosecuting Irvin, what argument would you use to convince the court that the voluntariness component of the act-requirement had been satisfied in this case? b) If you were defending Irvin, what argument would you use to convince the court that the voluntariness component of the act-requirement had not been satisfied in this case? c) If you were the judge, what would your decision be regarding this issue? Give reasons for your answer. 4. Kelly is a clinically diagnosed alcoholic and becomes pregnant due to a flaw in a contraceptive device. She does not refrain from consuming alcohol during her pregnancy, and her child, Larry, is born with severe mental retardation due to fetal alcohol syndrome. Kelly is prosecuted for having caused grievous bodily harm to Larry. Assume that mental retardation does in fact constitute grievous bodily harm, and that Larry’s mental retardation was in fact caused by Kelly’s consumption of alcohol during her pregnancy. The defence nevertheless argues, on behalf of Kelly, that (i) alcoholism is not an ‘act’ but a condition, (ii) Kelly’s consumption of alcohol during her pregnancy was not ‘voluntary’ because Kelly was an alcoholic; (iii) pregnancy is not an ‘act’ but a condition, and (iv) Kelly’s pregnancy was not ‘voluntary’ because Kelly’s contraceptive device malfunctioned. Therefore, says the defence, Kelly has not satisfied the act-requirement for a crime in this case.

Foundations of Politics

Foundations of Politics Foundations of Politics Sarah Quicke How many faces of power do Political scientists need to take into account when carrying out their research? In this essay I will show that there are three faces of power which political scientists need to take into account when carrying out their research. The first face of power is the classical pluralist view of power, presented by Dahl, the second ‘decision making face of power by neo-elitists Bachrach and Baratz, and the third face, the ‘radical view of power by Steven Lukes. The second and third faces of power can be argued to be building upon the faces of power before them. Each face of power gets progressively more complex, and harder to measure and quantify. Therefore, political scientists need to take into account all three faces of power, but bearing in mind that the first face of power is often considered too simplistic, and the third face of power is hard to measure. A common description of power, is how one person, or group of people, ‘affect others, meaning they have influence over the others. However, Morriss argues that â€Å"power is not concerned at all with affecting, though ‘influence is. ‘Power is concerned with effecting, which is a very different idea.† (Morriss, 1987: p. 29). If A has an affect on B, it alters B. If A effects B, it is the cause of the alteration to B. Therefore political scientists need to make as clear a distinction as possible between power and influence, and thus an ‘effect or ‘affect, because there are subtle, but nonetheless, important differences. The faces of power debate, starts with the first face of power, sometimes called the ‘decision making phase by Robert Dahl. â€Å"Thus, for Dahl [power is when]†¦A has power over B to the extent that she can ‘get B to do something that B wouldnt otherwise do†¦where there is an overt conflict of interests.â₠¬  (Hay, 2002: p.172). Essentially, this is about As power to change the decision of B. The conflict of interests mentioned here is an important point underlying this theory. Dahl assumes that B has perfect knowledge that her changed behaviour is against her own interests. In other words, B does not want to change her behaviour and knows it is not good for her, but there is more of an incentive to act as A wishes. This idea of power can be liked to â€Å"physical or mechanical power, in that it implies that power involves being ‘pulled or pushed against ones will† (Haywood, 1994: p.126). Therefore in the example mentioned above, Bs lack of power is matched by As power. As in the subject of physics, where there is a force acting in one direction, there is a counter force acting in the opposing direction. As Colin Hay says: â€Å"power is unproductive or zero sum -some gain only to the extent that others lose out.† (Hay, 2002: p.173) This can be more clearly under stood by the following example: If a brother and a sister are arguing over which programme to watch on television, and unless the sister agrees to let the brother watch what he wants, the brother will take away the remote control. Therefore, it can be argued that the brother is exerting power over the sister. If, however, the sister did not know that her favourite programme was on today, and therefore did not want to watch the television, then the brother would not have to exert any form of power over his sister because there is no conflict of interests (Hay, 2002: p 173) This type of power, although simplistic, is still important for political scientists, as it is overt and it is easy to detect as the actors involved can readily be identified. Robert Dahl found an example of this form of power in a study carried on in New Haven, Connecticut in the USA, which is described in his work, ‘Who Governs? (1963). In this study, Dahl found â€Å"a wide disparity between the influence exerted by the politically privileged and economically powerful†¦[in contrast with] ordinary citizens.† (Haywood, 1994: p.125). This face of power has faced much criticism, because only deals with the decision-making, after the agenda has been set. As in the case of New Haven, the distribution of power is not as clear-cut as Dahl has suggested. Dahl found significant differences in the amount of power two groups of society had, however, the scope of the power each group has may only be very small. In an article published in response to Dahls findings, G. William Domhoff says: â€Å"Dahl emphasized that there were indeed inequalities in New Haven. However, they were dispersed inequalities, (Dahl, 1961, pp. 91-93) meaning that no one group had all of the different types of resources.†(Google scholar, 2005) For example, the economically powerful Dahl mentions in his study, may only have influence over business related policies, and therefore little or no influence over other policies and resources. This means in the context of the state, it is about what the government do, for example, changes in taxation, interest rates, and the introduction of new laws. At a basic level the second face of power is concerned with how groups in society have influence over the agenda for the decision-making. These groups have an indirect but nonetheless, important role in the final decision made. Bachrach and Baratz have said power can be utilised when â€Å"A devotes his energies to creating or reinforcing social and political values†¦that limit the scope of the political process to public consideration of only those issues which are comparatively innocuous to A† (Google scholar), 1994, p: 948). This is an important point for political scientists to take into account, because it makes significant progress from Dahls behavioural relationship in the first face of power. In this case, groups such as businesses, aristocracy and the very wealthy, say for example in a small community, may have power to prevent certain decisions from being discussed at all, because they have influenced the agenda. For example, if a business were dumping waste ma terials in a nearby river, it would be against their interests if stopping water pollution were added to the agenda. Therefore, the business may suggest other topics to add to the agenda or persuade others not to add to this to the agenda. This also leads on to the point that Andrew Haywood makes about how the ‘form of power has changed in the second face. Haywood argues that Dahls one-dimensional view of power â€Å"ignores the extent to which power is a possession, reflected perhaps in wealth, political position, social status and so forth† (Haywood, 1994: p.126). By possession it is implied that power is already ‘owned by these groups and thus can be used at a time and place of their choosing. This means that these groups only have to intervene in the agenda setting when they have a personal interest in the matter. Bachrach and Baratzs idea of power builds on that of Dahls incorporating the visible power that can be seen by the public on the decisions being made, but also power that is not visible to the public. Bachrach and Baratz imply that there is a distinction between the formality of the decision making process, and an informality of the non-decision or agenda setting process. As discussed above, the decision making process is a relatively overt one. In contrast, the agents in the agenda setting process are less identifiable, because the number of agents who have influence over the agenda setting process has increased. For example, if A has power over B and B has power over C and C is involved in the agenda setting process, then it is fair to say that C has been influenced by A and B. Therefore, this is important to political scientists because they need to be able to identify who has exercised power, in order to analyse who has had the biggest influence in the agenda setting. As well as identifying who has power, they would need to take in to account the relative amounts of power involved groups have. If, in the example above, A only has a small amount of influence over B but B has a large influence over C then the distribution of power is uneven. It may appear that B has had a significant influence over C, but actually it is A who has had the most influence. Situations like this one would be difficult for political scientists to analyse. Although Bachrach and Baratz have made a significant advance on Dahls one-dimensional view of power, the main criticism made against them is that they still have not acknowledged that power relationships may exist covertly. Their theory is based (in much the same way as Dahls) on the assumption of visible power relationships. Both the first and second face of power fail to recognise that power may be exercised by manipulation and persuasion. The first and second faces of power both assume that individuals and groups act rationally, but Steven Lukes, in his theory of the third face of power or ‘the radical view of power, argues that this is impossible and against human nature. As Colin Hay explains: In expanding the notion of power to include preference shaping, [Lukes] is forced to draw the distinction between subjective or perceived interests on the one hand, and actual or ‘real interests on the other, suggesting that where power is exercised it involves the subversion of the latter. (2002, p.180). Perceived interests are what we know to be our real interests, which are influenced or ‘shaped by the world around us, the people in our lives and the way we have been brought up, as well as the media. The crucial point here is that we believed our perceived interests to be our real interests, because we are not able to determine what our real interests are. Real interests are â€Å"what [people] would want and prefer were they able to make the choice† (Hay, 2002, p.180). This is a rational idea because it is suggesting that people are living in a blinkered world, and are not fully aware of what their actual preferences and interests are. The difference between perceived and real interest is where power can be exercised. For example if A can get B to do x by persuading B that x is in Bs perceived interests, where B does not know that doing x is actually against Bs real interests then this an example of a power relationship. Both Hay and Haywood would say that B is exhibi ting ‘false consciousness. Colin Hay argues against Lukes theory, saying that the condition of real interests is impossible as it relies on perfect knowledge which is impossible to acquire in the real world: â€Å"There is nothing objective about the process by which one ascertains ones genuine interests, since ones objective interests are ones perceived interests under the conditions of complete information.† (Hay, 2002, p.182). Lukes idea of complete information argues that people should have full understanding of the world around them and what was best for them. This means that these people would not be influenced or persuaded because they will be able to make a distinction between real interests and the perceived interests that are thrust upon them. Put in the simplest terms, Lukes is suggesting that we dont know what is really best for us; we have a blinkered view of the world and our interests. This is an obvious criticism, as it is impossible to prove or quantify objective and real interests, and if there is any such difference between them. It is unrealistic to suggest that anyone can exist under conditions of perfect knowledge, because this would mean acquiring full knowledge of everything in the world. Also the idea that people are living under the term (which both Hay and Haywood frequently use) called ‘false consciousness. This is indeed a radical one, as it is suggesting that people are incapable of making rational judgements for themselves. People may take offensively to this view as they may understand Lukes to mean that they are ‘stupid because they cannot determine their real interests. To conclude, all three faces of power are significant and each bring something different to the debate surrounding power. However, the third face of power is the most important for political scientists to take into account because it is the most realistic, and is the most all-encompassing form of power. It is easy think of an example of this form of power in our everyday lives. However, it is difficult for political scientists to measure and quantify what groups in society have power and power distribution. Due to the nature of the third face of power, it is likely that political scientists may disagree over such issues as real and perceived interests because political scientists may have been ‘brought up on different political assumptions and points of view. Bibliography: Bachrach, B Barats, M. S, (1994) Two faces of Power, American Political Science Review (Routledge) Domhoff, G W, (2005) Who Rules America: Who really rules in Dahls New Haven? Full address: http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/new_haven.html Hay, C (ed.) (2002) Political Analysis A Critical Introduction (Palgrave Macmillan) Haywood, A (1994) Political Ideas And Concepts (Bedford) Lukes, S (1974) Power: A radical View, Macmillan Press. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=zYuPgt4AJysCoi=fndpg=PA296dq=steven+lukes+power+a+radical+viewots=rtYtry_yv1sig=GYzVxQlnHFJOdcva4UOSEyoPhEM#PPA296,M1 Morriss, P, (1987), Power: A philosophical Analysis (Manchester University Press)